Natural Antioxidant Anthocyanins-A Hidden Therapeutic Candidate in Metabolic Disorders with Major Focus in Neurodegeneration

• Published in: Nutrients 2019-05, Vol.11 (6), p.1195
• Main Authors: Ullah, Rahat, Khan, Mehtab, Shah, Shahid Ali, Saeed, Kamran, Kim, Myeong Ok
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Activation; AKT protein; Alzheimer's disease; Animals; Anthocyanins; Anthocyanins - adverse effects; Anthocyanins - therapeutic use; Antioxidants; Antioxidants - adverse effects; Antioxidants - therapeutic use; Apoptosis; Brain; Brain - drug effects; Brain - metabolism; Brain - pathology; Cholesterol; Cyclooxygenase-2; D-Galactose; Deoxyribonucleic acid; Detoxification; Diabetes; DNA; DNA adducts; Enzymatic activity; Ethanol; Flavonoids; Free radicals; Galactose; Glutamatergic transmission; Hippocampus; Humans; Hydrogen peroxide; Hyperglycemia; Hypertension; Inflammation Mediators - metabolism; Low level; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - drug therapy; Metabolic Syndrome - metabolism; NAD(P)H oxidase; Nerve Degeneration; Neurodegeneration; Neurodegenerative Diseases - drug therapy; Neurodegenerative Diseases - metabolism; Neurodegenerative Diseases - pathology; neuroprotection; Neuroprotective Agents - adverse effects; Neuroprotective Agents - therapeutic use; Nitrogen; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Oxidation; Oxidative stress; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Parkinson's disease; Pathogenesis; Reactive Oxygen Species - metabolism; Review; Signal Transduction; Toxicity; Xanthine oxidase
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu11061195

All over the world, metabolic syndrome constitutes severe health problems. Multiple factors have been reported in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic disorders result in reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative stress, playing a vital role in the development and pathogenesis of major health issues, including neurological disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) Parkinson's disease (PD). Considerable increasing evidence indicates the substantial contribution of ROS-induced oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. An imbalanced metabolism results in a defective antioxidant defense system, free radicals causing inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and tissue damage. Due to the annual increase in financial and social burdens, in addition to the adverse effects associated with available synthetic agents, treatment diversion from synthetic to natural approaches has occurred. Antioxidants are now being considered as convincing therapeutic agents against various neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, medicinal herbs and fruits currently receive substantially more attention as commercial sources of antioxidants. In this review, we argue that ROS-targeted therapeutic interventions with naturally occurring antioxidant flavonoid, anthocyanin, and anthocyanin-loaded nanoparticles might be the ultimate treatment against devastating illnesses. Furthermore, we elucidate the hidden potential of the neuroprotective role of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-loaded nanoparticles in AD and PD neuropathies, which lack sufficient attention compared with other polyphenols, despite their strong antioxidant potential. Moreover, we address the need for future research studies of native anthocyanins and nano-based-anthocyanins, which will be helpful in developing anthocyanin treatments as therapeutic mitochondrial antioxidant drug-like regimens to delay or prevent the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and PD.