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Vital rates of two small populations of brown bears in Canada and range‐wide relationship between population size and trend
Identifying mechanisms of population change is fundamental for conserving small and declining populations and determining effective management strategies. Few studies, however, have measured the demographic components of population change for small populations of mammals (
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| Published in: | Ecology and evolution 2021-04, Vol.11 (7), p.3422-3434 |
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| container_end_page | 3434 |
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| container_title | Ecology and evolution |
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| creator | McLellan, Michelle L. McLellan, Bruce N. Sollmann, Rahel Wittmer, Heiko U. |
| description | Identifying mechanisms of population change is fundamental for conserving small and declining populations and determining effective management strategies. Few studies, however, have measured the demographic components of population change for small populations of mammals ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ece3.7301 |
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This research investigates population dynamics in two adjacent but genetically and geographically distinct, threatened brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, following the caseation of hunting in that area. Differences in independent female and cub survival between the populations resulted in population increase in the larger, partially connected population, and population decrease in the smaller, isolated population. We suggest that when populations are small and isolated, population growth is rare and, even with intensive management, becomes prohibitive for population recovery.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-7758</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-7758</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7301</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33841794</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Age ; Animal behavior ; Animal populations ; Bears ; brown bear ; carnivore conservation ; Demography ; Females ; Genetic diversity ; grizzly bear ; Hunting ; Inbreeding ; Literature reviews ; Mortality ; Offspring ; Original Research ; Population decline ; Population growth ; Population number ; population recovery ; Population statistics ; small population ; Survival ; Threatened species ; Trends ; Ursus arctos</subject><ispartof>Ecology and evolution, 2021-04, Vol.11 (7), p.3422-3434</ispartof><rights>2021 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2021 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5091-938bd466c8de20fe78ed4142d7e1b2cdebcc524155ecff091ab6228939b764253</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5091-938bd466c8de20fe78ed4142d7e1b2cdebcc524155ecff091ab6228939b764253</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0034-2038</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2508038470/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2508038470?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,11562,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,44590,46052,46476,53791,53793,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33841794$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>McLellan, Michelle L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McLellan, Bruce N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sollmann, Rahel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wittmer, Heiko U.</creatorcontrib><title>Vital rates of two small populations of brown bears in Canada and range‐wide relationship between population size and trend</title><title>Ecology and evolution</title><addtitle>Ecol Evol</addtitle><description>Identifying mechanisms of population change is fundamental for conserving small and declining populations and determining effective management strategies. Few studies, however, have measured the demographic components of population change for small populations of mammals (<50 individuals). We estimated vital rates and trends in two adjacent but genetically distinct, threatened brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in British Columbia, Canada, following the cessation of hunting. One population had approximately 45 resident bears but had some genetic and geographic connectivity to neighboring populations, while the other population had <25 individuals and was isolated. We estimated population‐specific vital rates by monitoring survival and reproduction of telemetered female bears and their dependent offspring from 2005 to 2018. In the larger, connected population, independent female survival was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.96–1.00) and the survival of cubs in their first year was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.62–0.95). In the smaller, isolated population, independent female survival was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64–0.93) and first‐year cub survival was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.11–0.67). Reproductive rates did not differ between populations. The large differences in age‐specific survival estimates resulted in a projected population increase in the larger population (λ = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04–1.13) and population decrease in the smaller population (λ = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.95). Low female survival in the smaller population was the result of both continued human‐caused mortality and an unusually high rate of natural mortality. Low cub survival may have been due to inbreeding and the loss of genetic diversity common in small populations, or to limited resources. In a systematic literature review, we compared our population trend estimates with those reported for other small populations (<300 individuals) of brown bears. Results suggest that once brown bear populations become small and isolated, populations rarely increase and, even with intensive management, recovery remains challenging.
This research investigates population dynamics in two adjacent but genetically and geographically distinct, threatened brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, following the caseation of hunting in that area. Differences in independent female and cub survival between the populations resulted in population increase in the larger, partially connected population, and population decrease in the smaller, isolated population. We suggest that when populations are small and isolated, population growth is rare and, even with intensive management, becomes prohibitive for population recovery.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Animal behavior</subject><subject>Animal populations</subject><subject>Bears</subject><subject>brown bear</subject><subject>carnivore conservation</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Genetic diversity</subject><subject>grizzly bear</subject><subject>Hunting</subject><subject>Inbreeding</subject><subject>Literature reviews</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Offspring</subject><subject>Original Research</subject><subject>Population decline</subject><subject>Population growth</subject><subject>Population number</subject><subject>population recovery</subject><subject>Population statistics</subject><subject>small population</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Threatened species</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>Ursus arctos</subject><issn>2045-7758</issn><issn>2045-7758</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kt9uFCEUhydGY5vaC1_AkHijF9sCwwxwY2I2W23SxBv1ljBwZsuGhRFmndTEpI_gM_oksn9stiZyA4HvfJzAr6peEnxBMKaXYKC-4DUmT6pTilkz47wRT4_WJ9V5zitcRospw_x5dVLXghEu2Wn186sbtUdJj5BR7NE4RZTX2ns0xGHj9ehi2B10KU4BdaBTRi6guQ7aaqSDLbVhCb_vf03OAkpwqLl1Q6HHCSAcqVB2P2BXNSYI9kX1rNc-w_lhPqu-XC0-zz_Obj59uJ6_v5mZBksyk7XoLGtbIyxQ3AMXYBlh1HIgHTUWOmMaykjTgOn7UqG7llIha9nxltGmPquu914b9UoNya11ulNRO7XbiGmpdBqd8aBawvpGUgGk3MG6XlrNgRtqsbGsx6K43u1dw6ZbgzUQxqT9I-njk-Bu1TJ-VwITiSkvgjcHQYrfNpBHtXbZgPc6QNxkRRtChOSCyoK-_gddxU0K5akKhQUu38hxod7uKZNizgn6h2YIVtuMqG1G1DYjhX113P0D-TcRBbjcA5PzcPd_k1rMF_VO-QcwvMhq</recordid><startdate>202104</startdate><enddate>202104</enddate><creator>McLellan, Michelle L.</creator><creator>McLellan, Bruce N.</creator><creator>Sollmann, Rahel</creator><creator>Wittmer, Heiko U.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><general>Wiley</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-2038</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202104</creationdate><title>Vital rates of two small populations of brown bears in Canada and range‐wide relationship between population size and trend</title><author>McLellan, Michelle L. ; 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Few studies, however, have measured the demographic components of population change for small populations of mammals (<50 individuals). We estimated vital rates and trends in two adjacent but genetically distinct, threatened brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in British Columbia, Canada, following the cessation of hunting. One population had approximately 45 resident bears but had some genetic and geographic connectivity to neighboring populations, while the other population had <25 individuals and was isolated. We estimated population‐specific vital rates by monitoring survival and reproduction of telemetered female bears and their dependent offspring from 2005 to 2018. In the larger, connected population, independent female survival was 1.00 (95% CI: 0.96–1.00) and the survival of cubs in their first year was 0.85 (95% CI: 0.62–0.95). In the smaller, isolated population, independent female survival was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.64–0.93) and first‐year cub survival was 0.33 (95% CI: 0.11–0.67). Reproductive rates did not differ between populations. The large differences in age‐specific survival estimates resulted in a projected population increase in the larger population (λ = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04–1.13) and population decrease in the smaller population (λ = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72–0.95). Low female survival in the smaller population was the result of both continued human‐caused mortality and an unusually high rate of natural mortality. Low cub survival may have been due to inbreeding and the loss of genetic diversity common in small populations, or to limited resources. In a systematic literature review, we compared our population trend estimates with those reported for other small populations (<300 individuals) of brown bears. Results suggest that once brown bear populations become small and isolated, populations rarely increase and, even with intensive management, recovery remains challenging.
This research investigates population dynamics in two adjacent but genetically and geographically distinct, threatened brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, following the caseation of hunting in that area. Differences in independent female and cub survival between the populations resulted in population increase in the larger, partially connected population, and population decrease in the smaller, isolated population. We suggest that when populations are small and isolated, population growth is rare and, even with intensive management, becomes prohibitive for population recovery.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>33841794</pmid><doi>10.1002/ece3.7301</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-2038</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Age Animal behavior Animal populations Bears brown bear carnivore conservation Demography Females Genetic diversity grizzly bear Hunting Inbreeding Literature reviews Mortality Offspring Original Research Population decline Population growth Population number population recovery Population statistics small population Survival Threatened species Trends Ursus arctos |
| title | Vital rates of two small populations of brown bears in Canada and range‐wide relationship between population size and trend |
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