Implicit HbA1c Achieving 87% Accuracy within 90 Days in Non-Invasive Fasting Blood Glucose Measurements Using Photoplethysmography

To reduce the error induced by overfitting or underfitting in predicting non-invasive fasting blood glucose (NIBG) levels using photoplethysmography (PPG) data alone, we previously demonstrated that incorporating HbA1c led to a notable 10% improvement in NIBG prediction accuracy (the ratio in zone A...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Bioengineering (Basel) 2023-10, Vol.10 (10), p.1207
Main Authors: Chu, Justin, Chang, Yao-Ting, Liaw, Shien-Kuei, Yang, Fu-Liang
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Accuracy
Bioengineering
Blood
Blood glucose
Blood pressure
Blood sugar
Blood sugar monitoring
Deep learning
Diabetes
Diabetes therapy
Diabetics
Error reduction
Fasting
Fourier transforms
Glucose
Glycosylated hemoglobin
HbA1c
Health aspects
Heart rate
Hemoglobin
Light
Methods
Model accuracy
Morphology
photoplethysmography
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Summary:To reduce the error induced by overfitting or underfitting in predicting non-invasive fasting blood glucose (NIBG) levels using photoplethysmography (PPG) data alone, we previously demonstrated that incorporating HbA1c led to a notable 10% improvement in NIBG prediction accuracy (the ratio in zone A of Clarke’s error grid). However, this enhancement came at the cost of requiring an additional HbA1c measurement, thus being unfriendly to users. In this study, the enhanced HbA1c NIBG deep learning model (blood glucose level predicted from PPG and HbA1c) was trained with 1494 measurements, and we replaced the HbA1c measurement (explicit HbA1c) with “implicit HbA1c” which is reversely derived from pretested PPG and finger-pricked blood glucose levels. The implicit HbA1c is then evaluated across intervals up to 90 days since the pretest, achieving an impressive 87% accuracy, while the remaining 13% falls near the CEG zone A boundary. The implicit HbA1c approach exhibits a remarkable 16% improvement over the explicit HbA1c method by covering personal correction items automatically. This improvement not only refines the accuracy of the model but also enhances the practicality of the previously proposed model that relied on an HbA1c input. The nonparametric Wilcoxon paired test conducted on the percentage error of implicit and explicit HbA1c prediction results reveals a substantial difference, with a p-value of 2.75 × 10–7.
ISSN:2306-5354
2306-5354
DOI:10.3390/bioengineering10101207