Hydrochemical study of bottled water in Rwanda and relationship with their origin

• Published in: Water science & technology. Water supply 2022-01, Vol.22 (1), p.1155-1167
• Main Authors: Iyakare, J. D., Taupin, J-D., Hitimana, C. N., Dusabimana, T., Ghalit, M., El Ouahabi, M., Benali, M., Ngendo, C., Gharibi, E. K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anthropogenic factors; Aquifers; Bottled water; bottled waters; Classification systems; Commercialization; Dietary minerals; Drinking water; Environmental Sciences; Fertilizers; Geology; Granite; great lakes region; Human influences; Hydrochemistry; Infiltration; Isotopes; Laboratories; Lakes; Mineral water; Mineralization; Nitrates; Population density; Rainfall; Rainfall infiltration; rwanda; Sediments; Sodium; Stable isotopes; Trace elements; Unconfined aquifers; Water quality; Water quality control; Water reservoirs; δ2h and δ18o isotopes
• ISSN: 1606-9749; 1607-0798
• DOI: 10.2166/ws.2021.211

In Rwanda, commercialized bottled water comes mainly from aquifers located in Rwanda and in neighboring countries. In this study, we compare geochemical parameters of bottled water from the great lakes region and seek to correlate mineralization, hydrochemistry and geological facies of the water reservoir. Based on the results obtained from major ions, trace elements and stable isotopes, 15 bottled waters were analyzed. Bottled waters show low mineralization and various chemical facies, with mainly the dominance of sodium due to the occurrence of alkaline granites in the East Africa region. Bottled water quality was evaluated using various classification systems. All bottled waters show low mineralization attributed to low rock-water interaction with granite, and to unconfined aquifer close to the surface fed by direct infiltration and possibly with high transit fractured circulation. In this region, the very high population density with high agricultural activities lead to strong anthropogenic conditions, but most of the bottled waters do not show any evidence of influence. However, this does not prevent regular control of water quality. Stable water isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) highlighted the altitude of aquifers and waters origin of the bottled waters, which is linked to direct rainfall infiltration.