Small-Molecule Host-Defense Peptide Mimetic Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents Activate Human and Mouse Mast Cells via Mas-Related GPCRs

• Published in: Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2019-04, Vol.8 (4), p.311
• Main Authors: Alkanfari, Ibrahim, Freeman, Katie B, Roy, Saptarshi, Jahan, Tahsin, Scott, Richard W, Ali, Hydar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3T3 Cells; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents - chemistry; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibacterial activity; Antifungal agents; Antifungal Agents - chemistry; Antifungal Agents - pharmacology; Antimicrobial activity; Antimicrobial agents; Bacteria; Bacterial infections; Cell Degranulation - drug effects; Connective tissues; CRISPR; Cytotoxicity; Degranulation; Drug resistance; Fibroblasts; Fungal infections; Fungi - drug effects; G protein-coupled receptors; Gram-positive bacteria; Hep G2 Cells; Hepatocytes; Homeostasis; host-defense peptide mimetics; Humans; Laboratories; Mast cells; Mast Cells - drug effects; Mast Cells - metabolism; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mrgprb2; MRGPRX2; Mutation; Mutation, Missense - genetics; Nerve Tissue Proteins - metabolism; Peptides; Peptides - pharmacology; Peritoneum; Rats; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled - metabolism; Receptors, Neuropeptide - metabolism; Skin; Small Molecule Libraries - pharmacology; Wound healing
• ISSN: 2073-4409; 2073-4409
• DOI: 10.3390/cells8040311

Host-defense peptides (HDPs) have an important therapeutic potential against microbial infections but their metabolic instability and cellular cytotoxicity have limited their utility. To overcome these limitations, we utilized five small-molecule, nonpeptide HDP mimetics (smHDPMs) and tested their effects on cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and mast cell (MC) degranulation. None of the smHDPMs displayed cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3 fibroblasts or human transformed liver HepG2 cells. However, one compound had both antifungal and antibacterial activity. Surprisingly, all five compounds induced degranulation in a human MC line, LAD2, and this response was substantially reduced in Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-X2 (MRGPRX2)-silenced cells. Furthermore, all five compounds induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells expressing MRGPRX2 but this response was abolished in cells expressing naturally occurring loss-of-function missense variants G165E (rs141744602) and D184H (rs372988289). Mrgprb2 is the likely mouse ortholog of human MRGPRX2, which is expressed in connective tissue MCs (CTMCs) such as cutaneous and peritoneal MCs (PMCs). All five smHDPMs induced degranulation in wild-type PMCs but not in cells derived from Mrgprb2⁻/⁻ mice. These findings suggest that smHDPMs could serve as novel targets for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal and bacterial infections because of their ability to harness CTMCs' host defense functions.