Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(eugenol-co-allyleugenol) membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

• Published in: Heliyon 2022-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e12401-e12401, Article e12401
• Main Authors: Ngadiwiyana, Gunawan, Prasetya, Nor B.A., Kusworo, Tutuk D., Susanto, Heru
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Allyleugenol; Copolymer; Eugenol; Fuel cell; Sulfonation
• ISSN: 2405-8440; 2405-8440
• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12401

The research of sulfonated eugenol-allyleugenol copolymer (SPEAE) based membrane for fuel cell from eugenol derivate had been conducted. First, eugenol was reacted with various weights of allyl eugenol to form eugenol-allyleugenol copolymer (PEAE). Determination of the optimum composition of PEAE was done by testing the swelling properties. Then, PEAE was sulfonated using concentrated sulfuric acid with time variations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h to form SPEAE. The SPEAE produced was tested for the degree of sulfonation, water uptake, cation exchange capacity, and membrane proton conductivity. In addition, the characteristics of the PEAE and SPEAE copolymer membranes were also analyzed using FTIR spectrophotometers, 1H-NMR, TGA, and DSC. The results showed that the copolymerization of eugenol:allyleugenol (EG:AEG) with a ratio of 10:1 gave the lowest swelling degree. The best SPEAE copolymer was obtained from sulfonation for 2 h with yield, degree of sulfonation, water absorption value, proton conductivity, and cation exchange capacity of 90.6%, 12.87%, 50.7%, 1.83 × 10−5 S cm−1 and 0.356 meq/g, respectively. FTIR analysis shows the formation of PEAE with the loss of the vinyl eugenol groups used to form the polymer and shows the formation of SPEAE in the presence of sulfonate groups from the sulfonation reaction. 1H-NMR also confirmed the presence of the PEAE and SPEAE copolymers. In addition, analysis of thermal properties with TGA and DSC also showed that sulfonate treatment could improve membrane stability.