Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators

In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to ef...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in immunology 2015-08, Vol.6, p.418-418
Main Authors: Le Mercier, Isabelle, Lines, J Louise, Noelle, Randolph J
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Autoimmunity
BTLA
cancer immunotherapy
Immunology
LAG-3
TIGIT
TIM-3
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Summary:In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
ISSN:1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418