The Role of Exo-miRNAs in Cancer: A Focus on Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released into biological fluids where they act as carriers of various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs, between cells, modulating or perturbing specific physiological processes. Recently, it has been suggested that tumoral cells release excessive am...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2019-09, Vol.20 (19), p.4687
Main Authors: Ingenito, Francesco, Roscigno, Giuseppina, Affinito, Alessandra, Nuzzo, Silvia, Scognamiglio, Iolanda, Quintavalle, Cristina, Condorelli, Gerolama
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiogenesis
Ascites
Biomarkers
Biomarkers, Tumor - metabolism
Biosynthesis
Brain cancer
brain tumors
Breast cancer
cancer diagnosis
cancer therapy
Cell growth
Chemotherapy
Cytokines
Diagnostic software
exosome
Exosomes
Exosomes - metabolism
Gastric cancer
Gene expression
Humans
Hypoxia
Lipids
Metastases
Metastasis
microRNA
MicroRNAs
MicroRNAs - genetics
MicroRNAs - metabolism
MicroRNAs - therapeutic use
miRNA
Neoplasms - diagnosis
Neoplasms - genetics
Neoplasms - metabolism
Neoplasms - therapy
Non-coding RNA
Ovarian cancer
Plasma
Prognosis
Proteins
Review
Therapeutic applications
tumor microenvironment
Tumor Microenvironment - genetics
Tumorigenesis
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Summary:Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released into biological fluids where they act as carriers of various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs, between cells, modulating or perturbing specific physiological processes. Recently, it has been suggested that tumoral cells release excessive amounts of exosomes that, through their cargo, promote tumor progression, stimulating growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, insensitivity to chemotherapy, and immune evasion. Increasing evidence highlights exosomal microRNAs (exo-miRNAs) as important players in tumorigenesis. MicroRNA (miRNA) are a class of small non-coding RNA able to regulate gene expression, targeting multiple mRNAs and inducing translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. Exo-miRNAs are highly stable and easily detectable in biological fluids, and for these reasons, miRNAs are potential cancer biomarkers useful diagnostically and prognostically. Furthermore, since exosomes are natural delivery systems between cells, they can be appropriately modified to carry therapeutic miRNAs to specific recipient cells. Here we summarize the main functions of exo-miRNAs and their possible role for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms20194687