Sero-Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Infection among Infants, Children, and Adults in Chile

• Published in: Journal of fungi (Basel) 2022-01, Vol.8 (2), p.136
• Main Authors: Miller, Robert F, Daly, Kieran R, Walzer, Peter D, Ulloa, Ana V, Ponce, Carolina A, Vargas, Sergio L
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adults; Age; Antibodies; Blood & organ donations; Children; Climatic conditions; Cloning; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; Epidemiology; Ethics; Geographical distribution; Hospitals; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Infants; Infections; major surface glycoprotein; Outpatient care facilities; Pneumocystis; Pneumonia; Sea level; Seroepidemiology; serology
• ISSN: 2309-608X; 2309-608X
• DOI: 10.3390/jof8020136

Previous serologic surveys show >80% of infants in Chile have anti- antibodies by 2 years of age, but the seroepidemiology of infection beyond infancy is unknown. We describe the sero-epidemiology in infants, children, and adults at different locations in Chile. Serum samples were prospectively obtained from 681 healthy adults (age ≥ 17 years) and 690 non-immunocompromised infants/children attending eight blood banks or outpatient clinics (2 in Santiago) in Chile. ELISA was used to measure serum IgM and IgG antibodies to major surface antigen (Msg) constructs MsgA and MsgC1. Serologic responses to Msg showed a high frequency of reactivity, inferring infection. Among infants/children increasing age and the proportion with detectable IgM responses to MsgA, and IgG responses to MsgA, and MsgC1 were positively associated. Among adults there was almost universal seropositivity to one or more Msg constructs. In infants and children rates of detectable IgM responses to MsgC1 and MsgA were greater than IgG responses. In Santiago, rates of seropositivity among infants/children were greater in clinics located in a more socio-economically deprived part of the city. In Chile, a serological response to Msg constructs was common across ages regardless of geographical location and climatic conditions. Observed higher rates of IgM responses than IgG responses is consistent with concept of recent/ongoing exposure to in children and adults. Higher rates of seropositivity in infants/children residing in more densely populated areas of Santiago infers crowding poses an increased risk of transmission.