Dimethyl fumarate confers neuroprotection by casein kinase 2 phosphorylation of Nrf2 in murine intracerebral hemorrhage

• Published in: Neurobiology of disease 2015-10, Vol.82, p.349-358
• Main Authors: Iniaghe, Loretta O, Krafft, Paul R, Klebe, Damon W, Omogbai, Eric K.I, Zhang, John H, Tang, Jiping
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acrylates - pharmacology; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier - drug effects; Blood-Brain Barrier - enzymology; Brain Edema - drug therapy; Brain Edema - enzymology; Casein kinase 2; Casein Kinase II - antagonists & inhibitors; Casein Kinase II - metabolism; Cerebral Hemorrhage - drug therapy; Cerebral Hemorrhage - enzymology; Collagenases; Dimethyl fumarate; Dimethyl Fumarate - pharmacology; Disease Models, Animal; Evans Blue extravasation; Inflammation; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 - metabolism; Intracerebral hemorrhage; MafG Transcription Factor - genetics; MafG Transcription Factor - metabolism; Male; Mice; Microglia - drug effects; Microglia - enzymology; Musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma-G; Neuroimmunomodulation - drug effects; Neuroimmunomodulation - physiology; Neurology; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology; NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - metabolism; Phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2); Phosphorylation - drug effects; Protein Kinase Inhibitors - pharmacology; Repressor Proteins - genetics; Repressor Proteins - metabolism
• ISSN: 0969-9961; 1095-953X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.001

Abstract Background and purpose Edema formation, inflammation and increased blood–brain barrier permeability contribute to poor outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This study examined the therapeutic effect of dimethyl fumarate (DMF), a fumaric acid ester that activates nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 heterodimerization effector protein musculo-aponeurotic fibrosarcoma-G (MAFG) in a murine ICH model. Methods Male CD-1 mice (n = 176) were subjected to intrastriatal infusion of bacterial collagenase (n = 126), autologous blood (n = 18) or sham surgery (n = 32). Four (4) animals not subjected to ICH (naive) were also included in the study. After ICH, animals either received vehicle, dimethyl fumarate (10 mg or 100 mg/kg) or casein kinase 2 inhibitor (E)-3-(2,3,4,5-tetrabromophenyl)acrylic acid (TBCA). Thirty-two mice also received scrambled siRNA or MAFG siRNA 24 h before ICH. Brain water content and neurological function were evaluated. Results Dimethyl fumarate reduced Evans blue dye extravasation, decreased brain water content, and improved neurological deficits at 24 and 72 h after ICH. Casein kinase 2 inhibitor TBCA and MAFG siRNA prevented the effect of dimethyl fumarate on brain edema and neurological function. After ICH, ICAM-1 levels increased and casein kinase 2 levels decreased. Dimethyl fumarate reduced ICAM-1 but enhanced casein kinase 2 levels. Again, casein kinase 2 inhibitor TBCA and MAFG siRNA abolished the effect of dimethyl fumarate on ICAM-1 and casein kinase 2. Dimethyl fumarate preserved pNrf2 and MAFG expression in the nuclear lysate after ICH and the effect of dimethyl fumarate was abolished by casein kinase 2 inhibitor TBCA and MAFG siRNA. Dimethyl fumarate reduced microglia activation in peri-hematoma areas after ICH. The protective effect of dimethyl fumarate on brain edema and neurological function was also observed in a blood injection mouse model. Conclusion Dimethyl fumarate ameliorated inflammation, reduced blood-brain barrier permeability, and improved neurological outcomes by casein kinase 2 and Nrf2 signaling pathways after experimental ICH in mice.