Longitudinal Outcomes of Patients with Aortic Stenosis Stratified by Sex: An Asian Perspective

• Published in: Journal of cardiovascular development and disease 2025-01, Vol.12 (1), p.32
• Main Authors: Ong, Joy Y S, Leow, Aloysius S T, Ng, Chun Yi, Loh, Poay Huan, Quek, Swee Chye, Kong, William K F, Yeo, Tiong Cheng, Sia, Ching Hui, Poh, Kian Keong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aortic stenosis; Asian population; Cardiovascular disease; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; clinical outcomes; Coronary vessels; Ethnicity; Females; Gender differences; Heart failure; Hospitalization; Intervention; Kidney diseases; Mortality; sex differences; Statistical analysis; Vein & artery diseases
• ISSN: 2308-3425; 2308-3425
• DOI: 10.3390/jcdd12010032

Severe aortic stenosis (AS) stratified by sex has been increasingly studied in the European population. Sex-specific outcomes in Asian patients with AS remain poorly defined. Hence, we aimed to study the clinical characteristics and impact of sex in moderate-to-severe AS, undergoing both invasive and conservative interventions in an Asian cohort over 10 years. Consecutive data with echocardiographic diagnoses of AS were stratified according to gender in a tertiary academic center between 2011 and 2021. Demographics, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes were compared. Seven hundred and three (703) patients were included (56%, = 397 were female). Calcific AS was the dominant etiology in both genders. Females had higher incidences of anemia ( < 0.001) and chronic kidney disease ( = 0.026); although, females had lower incidences of cardiovascular complications of coronary artery disease (CAD) ( = 0.002) and prior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) ( = 0.015). Echocardiographically, females had a smaller left ventricular outflow tract diameter (LVOTd) ( < 0.001), LV mass ( < 0.001), and left ventricle end diastolic volume (LVEDV) ( < 0.001). Conversely, the left atrial (LA) area ( < 0.001) and volume index (LAVI) ( < 0.001) were larger in females. Females had higher average E/e' ( = 0.010) ratios compared to males. The mean follow-up duration between genders was 4.1 ± 3.3 years. Upon univariate analysis, a greater proportion of female AS patients encountered cardiovascular (CV) hospitalization during follow-up (female: 27.5%, = 109 vs. male: 18.3%, = 56; = 0.005) compared to male patients, but there were no significant differences for the outcomes of heart failure ( = 0.612), stroke ( = 0.664), and all-cause mortality ( = 0.827). Fewer females underwent aortic valve (AV) intervention compared to males (21.2% vs. 27.8%, = 0.042), albeit with a longer duration to AV intervention (3.6 years ± 2.4 vs. 2.6 years ± 2.3, = 0.016). In the severe AS cohort, female sex remained an independent predictor for subsequent heart failure (aHR 2.89, 95% CI 1.01-8.29, = 0.048) and CV hospitalization (aHR 20.0, 95% CI 1.19-335, = 0.037) after adjustments for age, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and AV intervention. There was no difference in heart failure, stroke, and all-cause mortality outcomes between male and female Asian patients with moderate-to-severe AS. However, there were more cardiovascular hospitalizations, wit