Loading…
Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation
Electrodeposited amorphous hydrated iridium oxide (IrOx) is a promising material for pH sensing due to its high sensitivity and the ease of fabrication. However, durability and variability continue to restrict the sensor's effectiveness. Variation in probe films can be seen in both performance...
Saved in:
Published in: | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2024-02, Vol.24 (3), p.962 |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites |
Online Access: | Get full text |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
cited_by | |
---|---|
cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c413t-39b3c9ded1981385e9de7ee168df03a01c555acb0a57a6560d37d4bf01b7f1d13 |
container_end_page | |
container_issue | 3 |
container_start_page | 962 |
container_title | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) |
container_volume | 24 |
creator | Marsh, Paul Huang, Mao-Hsiang Xia, Xing Tran, Ich Atanassov, Plamen Cao, Hung |
description | Electrodeposited amorphous hydrated iridium oxide (IrOx) is a promising material for pH sensing due to its high sensitivity and the ease of fabrication. However, durability and variability continue to restrict the sensor's effectiveness. Variation in probe films can be seen in both performance and fabrication, but it has been found that performance variation can be controlled with potentiostatic conditioning (PC). To make proper use of this technique, the morphological and chemical changes affecting the conditioning process must be understood. Here, a thorough study of this material, after undergoing PC in a pH-sensing-relevant potential regime, was conducted by voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fitting of XPS data was performed, guided by raw trends in survey scans, core orbitals, and valence spectra, both XPS and UPS. The findings indicate that the PC process can repeatably control and conform performance and surface bonding to desired calibrations and distributions, respectively; PC was able to reduce sensitivity and offset ranges to as low as ±0.7 mV/pH and ±0.008 V, respectively, and repeat bonding distributions over ~2 months of sample preparation. Both Ir/O atomic ratios (shifting from 4:1 to over 4.5:1) and fitted components assigned hydroxide or oxide states based on the literature (low-voltage spectra being almost entirely with suggested hydroxide components, and high-voltage spectra almost entirely with suggested oxide components) trend across the polarization range. Self-consistent valence, core orbital, and survey quantitative trends point to a likely mechanism of ligand conversion from hydroxide to oxide, suggesting that the conditioning process enforces specific state mixtures that include both theoretical Ir(III) and Ir(IV) species, and raising the conditioning potential alters the surface species from an assumed mixture of Ir species to more oxidized Ir species. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/s24030962 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_doaj_</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_6a822c478b2d41769f7e8c74c08349a9</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A782092972</galeid><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_6a822c478b2d41769f7e8c74c08349a9</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>A782092972</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c413t-39b3c9ded1981385e9de7ee168df03a01c555acb0a57a6560d37d4bf01b7f1d13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdUk1v1DAQjRCIlsKBP4AscaGHLf5KbHNbrVq6UqVWauEaOfZk16skDrZTsfwKfjJOt6wQ8sGj8Zs3742nKN4TfMGYwp8j5ZhhVdEXxSnhlC8kpfjlP_FJ8SbGHcaUMSZfFydM5rpKqNPi953vdHC_dHJ-QCs_tD70Ed1BmAM9GEDf87tuXOfSHrkBLXsfxq2fIrrswKTgLYw-ugQWrYOzburR7U9nAY3X6B6G6EP8gpboYeuDnzZbdD-FVmfa1RZ6F1PYo_XwCDG5zZOGt8WrVncR3j3fZ8W3q8uH1fXi5vbrerW8WRhOWFow1TCjLFiiJGGyhBwLAFJJ22KmMTFlWWrTYF0KXZUVtkxY3rSYNKIllrCzYn3gtV7v6jG4Xod97bWrnxI-bGodkjMd1JXOMzRcyIZaTkSlWgHSCG6wZFxplbk-HbjG4H9M2UudnRnoOj1AHlRNFS0xrjihGfrxP-jOT2HITmcUx5hLPou7OKA2Ovd3-VNS0CYfm2dm_ACty_mlkBQrqsRMe34oMMHHGKA9OiK4nnekPu5Ixn54ljA1Pdgj8u9SsD-c-7dE</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2924004841</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation</title><source>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Marsh, Paul ; Huang, Mao-Hsiang ; Xia, Xing ; Tran, Ich ; Atanassov, Plamen ; Cao, Hung</creator><creatorcontrib>Marsh, Paul ; Huang, Mao-Hsiang ; Xia, Xing ; Tran, Ich ; Atanassov, Plamen ; Cao, Hung</creatorcontrib><description>Electrodeposited amorphous hydrated iridium oxide (IrOx) is a promising material for pH sensing due to its high sensitivity and the ease of fabrication. However, durability and variability continue to restrict the sensor's effectiveness. Variation in probe films can be seen in both performance and fabrication, but it has been found that performance variation can be controlled with potentiostatic conditioning (PC). To make proper use of this technique, the morphological and chemical changes affecting the conditioning process must be understood. Here, a thorough study of this material, after undergoing PC in a pH-sensing-relevant potential regime, was conducted by voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fitting of XPS data was performed, guided by raw trends in survey scans, core orbitals, and valence spectra, both XPS and UPS. The findings indicate that the PC process can repeatably control and conform performance and surface bonding to desired calibrations and distributions, respectively; PC was able to reduce sensitivity and offset ranges to as low as ±0.7 mV/pH and ±0.008 V, respectively, and repeat bonding distributions over ~2 months of sample preparation. Both Ir/O atomic ratios (shifting from 4:1 to over 4.5:1) and fitted components assigned hydroxide or oxide states based on the literature (low-voltage spectra being almost entirely with suggested hydroxide components, and high-voltage spectra almost entirely with suggested oxide components) trend across the polarization range. Self-consistent valence, core orbital, and survey quantitative trends point to a likely mechanism of ligand conversion from hydroxide to oxide, suggesting that the conditioning process enforces specific state mixtures that include both theoretical Ir(III) and Ir(IV) species, and raising the conditioning potential alters the surface species from an assumed mixture of Ir species to more oxidized Ir species.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1424-8220</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1424-8220</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/s24030962</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38339679</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Electrodes ; Electrolytes ; Etching ; Hydrogen-ion concentration ; Hydroxides ; iridium oxide ; Ligands ; Oxidation ; pH sensors ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Sensors ; Surface chemistry ; Trends ; variability ; Voltammetry ; X-ray spectroscopy ; XPS</subject><ispartof>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-02, Vol.24 (3), p.962</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c413t-39b3c9ded1981385e9de7ee168df03a01c555acb0a57a6560d37d4bf01b7f1d13</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2996-472X ; 0000-0003-4197-7208 ; 0009-0001-4314-7745</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2924004841/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2924004841?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,44590,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38339679$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Marsh, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Mao-Hsiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xia, Xing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Ich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Atanassov, Plamen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Hung</creatorcontrib><title>Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation</title><title>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</title><addtitle>Sensors (Basel)</addtitle><description>Electrodeposited amorphous hydrated iridium oxide (IrOx) is a promising material for pH sensing due to its high sensitivity and the ease of fabrication. However, durability and variability continue to restrict the sensor's effectiveness. Variation in probe films can be seen in both performance and fabrication, but it has been found that performance variation can be controlled with potentiostatic conditioning (PC). To make proper use of this technique, the morphological and chemical changes affecting the conditioning process must be understood. Here, a thorough study of this material, after undergoing PC in a pH-sensing-relevant potential regime, was conducted by voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fitting of XPS data was performed, guided by raw trends in survey scans, core orbitals, and valence spectra, both XPS and UPS. The findings indicate that the PC process can repeatably control and conform performance and surface bonding to desired calibrations and distributions, respectively; PC was able to reduce sensitivity and offset ranges to as low as ±0.7 mV/pH and ±0.008 V, respectively, and repeat bonding distributions over ~2 months of sample preparation. Both Ir/O atomic ratios (shifting from 4:1 to over 4.5:1) and fitted components assigned hydroxide or oxide states based on the literature (low-voltage spectra being almost entirely with suggested hydroxide components, and high-voltage spectra almost entirely with suggested oxide components) trend across the polarization range. Self-consistent valence, core orbital, and survey quantitative trends point to a likely mechanism of ligand conversion from hydroxide to oxide, suggesting that the conditioning process enforces specific state mixtures that include both theoretical Ir(III) and Ir(IV) species, and raising the conditioning potential alters the surface species from an assumed mixture of Ir species to more oxidized Ir species.</description><subject>Electrodes</subject><subject>Electrolytes</subject><subject>Etching</subject><subject>Hydrogen-ion concentration</subject><subject>Hydroxides</subject><subject>iridium oxide</subject><subject>Ligands</subject><subject>Oxidation</subject><subject>pH sensors</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Surface chemistry</subject><subject>Trends</subject><subject>variability</subject><subject>Voltammetry</subject><subject>X-ray spectroscopy</subject><subject>XPS</subject><issn>1424-8220</issn><issn>1424-8220</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpdUk1v1DAQjRCIlsKBP4AscaGHLf5KbHNbrVq6UqVWauEaOfZk16skDrZTsfwKfjJOt6wQ8sGj8Zs3742nKN4TfMGYwp8j5ZhhVdEXxSnhlC8kpfjlP_FJ8SbGHcaUMSZfFydM5rpKqNPi953vdHC_dHJ-QCs_tD70Ed1BmAM9GEDf87tuXOfSHrkBLXsfxq2fIrrswKTgLYw-ugQWrYOzburR7U9nAY3X6B6G6EP8gpboYeuDnzZbdD-FVmfa1RZ6F1PYo_XwCDG5zZOGt8WrVncR3j3fZ8W3q8uH1fXi5vbrerW8WRhOWFow1TCjLFiiJGGyhBwLAFJJ22KmMTFlWWrTYF0KXZUVtkxY3rSYNKIllrCzYn3gtV7v6jG4Xod97bWrnxI-bGodkjMd1JXOMzRcyIZaTkSlWgHSCG6wZFxplbk-HbjG4H9M2UudnRnoOj1AHlRNFS0xrjihGfrxP-jOT2HITmcUx5hLPou7OKA2Ovd3-VNS0CYfm2dm_ACty_mlkBQrqsRMe34oMMHHGKA9OiK4nnekPu5Ixn54ljA1Pdgj8u9SsD-c-7dE</recordid><startdate>20240201</startdate><enddate>20240201</enddate><creator>Marsh, Paul</creator><creator>Huang, Mao-Hsiang</creator><creator>Xia, Xing</creator><creator>Tran, Ich</creator><creator>Atanassov, Plamen</creator><creator>Cao, Hung</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-472X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-7208</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4314-7745</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240201</creationdate><title>Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation</title><author>Marsh, Paul ; Huang, Mao-Hsiang ; Xia, Xing ; Tran, Ich ; Atanassov, Plamen ; Cao, Hung</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c413t-39b3c9ded1981385e9de7ee168df03a01c555acb0a57a6560d37d4bf01b7f1d13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Electrodes</topic><topic>Electrolytes</topic><topic>Etching</topic><topic>Hydrogen-ion concentration</topic><topic>Hydroxides</topic><topic>iridium oxide</topic><topic>Ligands</topic><topic>Oxidation</topic><topic>pH sensors</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Sensors</topic><topic>Surface chemistry</topic><topic>Trends</topic><topic>variability</topic><topic>Voltammetry</topic><topic>X-ray spectroscopy</topic><topic>XPS</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Marsh, Paul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Mao-Hsiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xia, Xing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tran, Ich</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Atanassov, Plamen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Hung</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest_Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Marsh, Paul</au><au>Huang, Mao-Hsiang</au><au>Xia, Xing</au><au>Tran, Ich</au><au>Atanassov, Plamen</au><au>Cao, Hung</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation</atitle><jtitle>Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)</jtitle><addtitle>Sensors (Basel)</addtitle><date>2024-02-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>962</spage><pages>962-</pages><issn>1424-8220</issn><eissn>1424-8220</eissn><abstract>Electrodeposited amorphous hydrated iridium oxide (IrOx) is a promising material for pH sensing due to its high sensitivity and the ease of fabrication. However, durability and variability continue to restrict the sensor's effectiveness. Variation in probe films can be seen in both performance and fabrication, but it has been found that performance variation can be controlled with potentiostatic conditioning (PC). To make proper use of this technique, the morphological and chemical changes affecting the conditioning process must be understood. Here, a thorough study of this material, after undergoing PC in a pH-sensing-relevant potential regime, was conducted by voltammetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fitting of XPS data was performed, guided by raw trends in survey scans, core orbitals, and valence spectra, both XPS and UPS. The findings indicate that the PC process can repeatably control and conform performance and surface bonding to desired calibrations and distributions, respectively; PC was able to reduce sensitivity and offset ranges to as low as ±0.7 mV/pH and ±0.008 V, respectively, and repeat bonding distributions over ~2 months of sample preparation. Both Ir/O atomic ratios (shifting from 4:1 to over 4.5:1) and fitted components assigned hydroxide or oxide states based on the literature (low-voltage spectra being almost entirely with suggested hydroxide components, and high-voltage spectra almost entirely with suggested oxide components) trend across the polarization range. Self-consistent valence, core orbital, and survey quantitative trends point to a likely mechanism of ligand conversion from hydroxide to oxide, suggesting that the conditioning process enforces specific state mixtures that include both theoretical Ir(III) and Ir(IV) species, and raising the conditioning potential alters the surface species from an assumed mixture of Ir species to more oxidized Ir species.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>38339679</pmid><doi>10.3390/s24030962</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-472X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4197-7208</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4314-7745</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 1424-8220 |
ispartof | Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-02, Vol.24 (3), p.962 |
issn | 1424-8220 1424-8220 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_6a822c478b2d41769f7e8c74c08349a9 |
source | Publicly Available Content (ProQuest); PubMed Central |
subjects | Electrodes Electrolytes Etching Hydrogen-ion concentration Hydroxides iridium oxide Ligands Oxidation pH sensors Scanning electron microscopy Sensors Surface chemistry Trends variability Voltammetry X-ray spectroscopy XPS |
title | Polarization Conforms Performance Variability in Amorphous Electrodeposited Iridium Oxide pH Sensors: A Thorough Surface Chemistry Investigation |
url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T11%3A18%3A31IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_doaj_&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Polarization%20Conforms%20Performance%20Variability%20in%20Amorphous%20Electrodeposited%20Iridium%20Oxide%20pH%20Sensors:%20A%20Thorough%20Surface%20Chemistry%20Investigation&rft.jtitle=Sensors%20(Basel,%20Switzerland)&rft.au=Marsh,%20Paul&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=962&rft.pages=962-&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft.eissn=1424-8220&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/s24030962&rft_dat=%3Cgale_doaj_%3EA782092972%3C/gale_doaj_%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c413t-39b3c9ded1981385e9de7ee168df03a01c555acb0a57a6560d37d4bf01b7f1d13%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2924004841&rft_id=info:pmid/38339679&rft_galeid=A782092972&rfr_iscdi=true |