Observations of Ionospheric Clutter at Near Equatorial High Frequency Radar Stations

• Published in: Remote sensing (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2023-01, Vol.15 (3), p.603
• Main Authors: Cook, Thomas M., Terrill, Eric J., Garcia-Moreno, Carlos, Merrifield, Sophia T.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antennas; Backscattering; Clutter; Daytime; Degradation; Diurnal; Equator; equatorial electro jet; Geomagnetism; High frequencies; high frequency radar; Image processing; Image segmentation; Ionosphere; Magnetic equator; Magnetic fields; Magnetometers; Night; Nighttime; Ocean currents; Ocean surface; Quality assurance; Quality control; Radio communications; Signal processing; Solar magnetic field; Spectra; Temporal variations
• ISSN: 2072-4292; 2072-4292
• DOI: 10.3390/rs15030603

The temporal variation of received clutter and noise at a pair of oceanographic high frequency radars (HFR) operating near the geomagnetic equator in the Republic of Palau is investigated. Oceanographic HFRs process range-gated Doppler spectra from groundwave signals that are backscattered from the ocean’s surface to derive maps of ocean currents. The range performance of the radars exhibited a regular diurnal signal which is determined to be a result of both ionospheric clutter and noise. The increased Clutter plus Noise Floor (C+NF) decreases the Signal to Clutter plus Noise Ratio (SCNR) which, in turn, reduces the range and quality of ocean surface current measurement. Determining the nature and origin of this degradation is critical to QA/QC of existing HFR deployments as well as performance predictions of future installations. Nighttime impacts are most severe and negatively affect ocean surface current measurements as low SCNR is found to extend across the Doppler spectra at all ranges, challenging the ability of HFR to map the ocean surface current. Daytime degradation is less severe and presents itself in a way consistent with independent observations of ionospheric clutter, specifically the diurnal temporal pattern and range where the C+NF features occur. A timeseries analysis of SCNR and C+NF is pursued to understand this relationship using received range-dependent Doppler spectra and C+NF features using image segmentation techniques. Clutter plus noise features are classified into daytime, nighttime, and no-noise feature types. The diurnal structure and variability of these features are examined, and the occurrences of each feature type are calculated. The occurrences are compared with space weather indices including a measure of geomagnetic activity, namely the EE (Equatorial Electro Jet) index (determined from magnetometers measuring the earth’s magnetic field), as well as solar impacts using the F10.7 solar radio clutter index to assess the relationship of ionospheric conditions with HFR ocean surface current measurement.