iPSC-derived familial Alzheimer's PSEN2 N141I cholinergic neurons exhibit mutation-dependent molecular pathology corrected by insulin signaling

• Published in: Molecular neurodegeneration 2018-06, Vol.13 (1), p.33-33, Article 33
• Main Authors: Moreno, Cesar L, Della Guardia, Lucio, Shnyder, Valeria, Ortiz-Virumbrales, Maitane, Kruglikov, Ilya, Zhang, Bin, Schadt, Eric E, Tanzi, Rudolph E, Noggle, Scott, Buettner, Christoph, Gandy, Sam
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alzheimer Disease - genetics; Alzheimer Disease - metabolism; Alzheimer's disease; Autopsy; Basal forebrain; Brain; Calcium; Cholinergic Neurons - metabolism; Chronic exposure; Cognitive ability; CRISPR; Dementia; Dementia disorders; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - complications; Female; Fibroblasts; Forebrain; Genotypes; Glucose; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells - metabolism; Insulin; Insulin - metabolism; Insulin resistance; Insulin Resistance - physiology; Insulin-like growth factors; Male; Metabolism; Mutation; Neural stem cells; Neurons; Pathology; Phosphorylation; Physiology; Pluripotency; Presenilin 2; Presenilin-2 - genetics; Signal transduction; Stem cells; Stroke; Tau protein
• ISSN: 1750-1326; 1750-1326
• DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0265-5

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a recognized risk factor for the development of cognitive impairment (CI) and/or dementia, although the exact nature of the molecular pathology of T2D-associated CI remains obscure. One link between T2D and CI might involve decreased insulin signaling in brain and/or neurons in either animal or postmortem human brains as has been reported as a feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we asked if neuronal insulin resistance is a cell autonomous phenomenon in a familial form of AD. We have applied a newly developed protocol for deriving human basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) from skin fibroblasts via induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. We generated wildtype and familial AD mutant PSEN2 (presenilin 2) BFCNs and assessed if insulin signaling, insulin regulation of the major AD proteins Aβ and/or tau, and/or calcium fluxes is altered by the PSEN2 mutation. We report herein that wildtype, PSEN2 and CRISPR/Cas9-corrected iPSC-derived BFCNs (and their precursors) show indistinguishable insulin signaling profiles as determined by the phosphorylation of canonical insulin signaling pathway molecules. Chronic insulin treatment of BFCNs of all genotypes led to a reduction in the Aβ42/40 ratio. Unexpectedly, we found a CRISPR/Cas9-correctable effect of PSEN2 on calcium flux, which could be prevented by chronic exposure of BFCNs to insulin. Our studies indicate that the familial AD mutation PSEN2 does not induce neuronal insulin resistance in a cell autonomous fashion. The ability of insulin to correct calcium fluxes and to lower Aβ42/40 ratio suggests that insulin acts to oppose an AD-pathophysiology. Hence, our results are consistent with a potential physiological role for insulin as a mediator of resilience by counteracting specific metabolic and molecular features of AD.