Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease: Genetic, Hormonal, and Inflammation Impacts

Two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer's disease are women, indicating a profound variance between the sexes. Variances exist between the sexes in the age and intensity of the presentation, cognitive deficits, neuroinflammatory factors, structural and functional brain changes, as well as psycho...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2024-08, Vol.25 (15), p.8485
Main Authors: Kolahchi, Zahra, Henkel, Nicholas, Eladawi, Mahmoud A, Villarreal, Emma C, Kandimalla, Prathik, Lundh, Anna, McCullumsmith, Robert E, Cuevas, Elvis
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Advertising executives
Age
Alzheimer Disease - genetics
Alzheimer Disease - metabolism
Alzheimer's disease
Brain - metabolism
Brain - pathology
Brain research
Datasets
Dementia
Diseases
Female
Females
Gender differences
Gene expression
Health aspects
Health risk assessment
Humans
Inflammation - genetics
Inflammation - metabolism
Life expectancy
Male
Males
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Mortality
neuroinflammation
Pathogenesis
personalized medicine
risk factors
Sex Characteristics
sex differences
Sex Factors
Sexes
Women
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Summary:Two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer's disease are women, indicating a profound variance between the sexes. Variances exist between the sexes in the age and intensity of the presentation, cognitive deficits, neuroinflammatory factors, structural and functional brain changes, as well as psychosocial and cultural circumstances. Herein, we summarize the existing evidence for sexual dimorphism and present the available evidence for these distinctions. Understanding these complexities is critical to developing personalized interventions for the prevention, care, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms25158485