Local adaptation and rapid evolution of aphids in response to genetic interactions with their cottonwood hosts

• Published in: Ecology and evolution 2020-10, Vol.10 (19), p.10532-10542
• Main Authors: Wooley, Stuart C., Smith, David Solance, Lonsdorf, Eric V., Brown, Sarah C., Whitham, Thomas G., Shuster, Stephen M., Lindroth, Richard L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptation; aphid; Aphidoidea; arthropod; Arthropods; Associated species; Climate change; community genetics; Composition; cottonwood; Evolution; Evolution & development; Experiments; Flowers & plants; Genetic diversity; Genetic variance; Genotype & phenotype; Genotypes; geographic mosaic; Herbivores; Host plants; Hypotheses; Influence; insect; Insects; Introduced species; Invasive species; local adaptation; Offspring; Original Research; Perturbation; Population; Populus; rapid evolution; selection mosaic; Trees
• ISSN: 2045-7758; 2045-7758
• DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6709

Several studies have demonstrated the ecological consequences of genetic variation within a single plant species. For example, these studies show that individual plant genotypes support unique composition of the plants' associated arthropod community. By contrast, fewer studies have explored how plant genetic variation may influence evolutionary dynamics in the plant's associated species. Here, we examine how aphids respond evolutionarily to genetic variation in their host plant. We conducted two experiments to examine local adaptation and rapid evolution of the free‐feeding aphid Chaitophorus populicola across genetic variants of its host plant, Populus angustifolia. To test for local adaptation, we collected tree cuttings and aphid colonies from three sites along an elevation/climate gradient and conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment. In general, home aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from the same site) produced 1.7–3.4 times as many offspring as foreign aphids (aphids transplanted onto trees from different sites). To test for rapid evolution, we used 4 clonally replicated aphid genotypes and transplanted each onto 5 clonally replicated P. angustifolia genotypes. Each tree genotype started with the same aphid genotype composition. After 21 days (~two aphid generations), aphid genotype composition changed (i.e., aphids evolved) and some tree genotypes supported unique evolutionary trajectories of aphids. These results suggest that plant evolution in response to human perturbation, such as climate change and invasive species, will also result in evolutionary responses in strongly interacting species that could cascade to affect whole communities. We conducted two experiments to examine local adaptation and rapid evolution of the free‐feeding aphid Chaitophorus populicola across a genetic gradient of its host plant, Populus angustifolia. We found evidence of local adaptation, such that local aphids produced 1.7–3.4 times as many offspring as foreign aphids. Further, in just 21 days aphids rapidly and differentially evolved on different genotypes of their host plant.