Complex skin modes in non-Hermitian coupled laser arrays

• Published in: Light, science & applications science & applications, 2022-11, Vol.11 (1), p.336-6, Article 336
• Main Authors: Liu, Yuzhou G. N., Wei, Yunxuan, Hemmatyar, Omid, Pyrialakos, Georgios G., Jung, Pawel S., Christodoulides, Demetrios N., Khajavikhan, Mercedeh
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 140/125; 639/624/1020/1093; 639/766/400/1113; Arrays; Frequency dependence; Lasers; Microwaves; Nonlinear systems; Optical and Electronic Materials; Optical Devices; Optics; Oscillators; Photonics; Physics; Physics and Astronomy; RF and Optical Engineering; Skin
• ISSN: 2047-7538; 2095-5545; 2047-7538
• DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-01030-0

From biological ecosystems to spin glasses, connectivity plays a crucial role in determining the function, dynamics, and resiliency of a network. In the realm of non-Hermitian physics, the possibility of complex and asymmetric exchange interactions ( κ i j ≠ κ j i ) between a network of oscillators has been theoretically shown to lead to novel behaviors like delocalization, skin effect, and bulk-boundary correspondence. An archetypical lattice exhibiting the aforementioned properties is that proposed by Hatano and Nelson in a series of papers in late 1990s. While the ramifications of these theoretical works in optics have been recently pursued in synthetic dimensions, the Hatano–Nelson model has yet to be realized in real space. What makes the implementation of these lattices challenging is the difficulty in establishing the required asymmetric exchange interactions in optical platforms. In this work, by using active optical oscillators featuring non-Hermiticity and nonlinearity, we introduce an anisotropic exchange between the resonant elements in a lattice, an aspect that enables us to observe the non-Hermitian skin effect, phase locking, and near-field beam steering in a Hatano–Nelson laser array. Our work opens up new regimes of phase-locking in lasers while shedding light on the fundamental physics of non-Hermitian systems. The Hatano–Nelson model with asymmetric couplings is demonstrated for the first time in phase locked laser arrays. The arrays exhibit steerable non-Hermitian skin effects.