Biomonitoring of Enniatin B1 and Its Phase I Metabolites in Human Urine: First Large-Scale Study

Enniatins (Enns) are mycotoxins produced by spp. which are a fungus widely spread throughout cereals and cereal-based products. Among all the identified enniatins, Enn B1 stands as one of the most prevalent analogues in cereals in Europe. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate for the first ti...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxins 2020-06, Vol.12 (6), p.415
Main Authors: Rodríguez-Carrasco, Yelko, Narváez, Alfonso, Izzo, Luana, Gaspari, Anna, Graziani, Giulia, Ritieni, Alberto
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Bioavailability
Biological Monitoring
Biomarkers - urine
Biomonitoring
Carbonyls
Cereals
Chromatography
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Depsipeptides - urine
Enniatin B1
Enniatins
Female
Food
Fungi
high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)
Human wastes
Humans
in vivo
Limit of Detection
Liquid chromatography
Male
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Metabolic Detoxication, Phase I
Metabolism
Metabolites
metabolomics
Middle Aged
Mycotoxins
Population studies
Rice
Scientific imaging
Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Toxicity testing
Urinalysis
Urine
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Summary:Enniatins (Enns) are mycotoxins produced by spp. which are a fungus widely spread throughout cereals and cereal-based products. Among all the identified enniatins, Enn B1 stands as one of the most prevalent analogues in cereals in Europe. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the presence of Enn B1 and its phase I metabolites in 300 human urine samples using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) methodology. Enn B1 was detected in 94.3% of samples ranging from 0.007 to 0.429 ng/mL (mean value: 0.065 ng/mL). In accordance with previous in vitro and in vivo analysis, hydroxylated metabolites (78.0% samples) and carbonylated metabolites (66.0% samples) were tentatively identified as the major products. Results from this biomonitoring study point to a frequent intake of Enn B1 in the studied population, suggesting that in-depth toxicological studies are needed in order to understand the potential effects in humans.
ISSN:2072-6651
2072-6651
DOI:10.3390/toxins12060415