Systemic side effects of eye drops: a pharmacokinetic perspective

When administering eye drops, even when completely correctly applied, several routes of absorption are possible and excess amounts can sometimes cause an unwanted systemic bioavailability of the drops when not completely absorbed into the eye. Furthermore, the concentration of active ingredients in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) N.Z.), 2016-01, Vol.10, p.2433-2441
Main Authors: Farkouh, Andre, Frigo, Peter, Czejka, Martin
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis
Asthma
Bioavailability
children
Complications and side effects
dosing
Drug dosages
Drug therapy
eye drops
Gene expression
Glaucoma
Liver
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Ophthalmic drugs
Ophthalmology
Pediatrics
Pharmacokinetics
Physiological aspects
Review
systemic side effects
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Summary:When administering eye drops, even when completely correctly applied, several routes of absorption are possible and excess amounts can sometimes cause an unwanted systemic bioavailability of the drops when not completely absorbed into the eye. Furthermore, the concentration of active ingredients in such medicinal preparations is usually very high, so that despite the correct application of the recommended dose, considerable amounts may be absorbed in an unwanted manner through various routes. Children are subject to a much higher risk of systemic side effects because ocular dosing is not weight adjusted and physiological development (eg, liver status) differs from that of adults. There is a lack of information about pediatric dosing in the current literature. This review summarizes the most important clinically relevant systemic side effects that may occur during ophthalmic eye treatments. In this review, we discuss general pharmacokinetic considerations as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and consequences of administering drugs from some important drug groups to the eye.
ISSN:1177-5467
1177-5483
1177-5483
DOI:10.2147/OPTH.S118409