Metabolic engineering for high yield synthesis of astaxanthin in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with a number of assets useful for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. However, the process leads to an enantiomeric mixture where the biologically assimilable forms (3R, 3'R or 3S, 3'S) are a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Microbial cell factories 2021-09, Vol.20 (1), p.175-175, Article 175
Main Authors: Torres-Haro, Alejandro, Verdín, Jorge, Kirchmayr, Manuel R, Arellano-Plaza, Melchor
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Astaxanthin
Basidiomycota - metabolism
Biological activity
Biological pigments
Biosynthesis
Carotenoids
Chemical properties
Chemical synthesis
Cytochrome
Enzymes
Food industry
Gene expression
Genomes
Growth rate
Kinases
Metabolic engineering
Metabolic Engineering - methods
Metabolism
Methods
Microorganisms
Mutants
Omics-based engineering
Pharmaceutical industry
Production processes
Proteomics
Review
Sterols
Trout
Varieties
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous
Xanthophylls - metabolism
Yeast fungi
Yield
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Summary:Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with a number of assets useful for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, it is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. However, the process leads to an enantiomeric mixture where the biologically assimilable forms (3R, 3'R or 3S, 3'S) are a minority. Microbial production of (3R, 3'R) astaxanthin by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is an appealing alternative due to its fast growth rate and easy large-scale production. In order to increase X. dendrorhous astaxanthin yields, random mutant strains able to produce from 6 to 10 mg/g dry mass have been generated; nevertheless, they often are unstable. On the other hand, site-directed mutant strains have also been obtained, but they increase only the yield of non-astaxanthin carotenoids. In this review, we insightfully analyze the metabolic carbon flow converging in astaxanthin biosynthesis and, by integrating the biological features of X. dendrorhous with available metabolic, genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, as well as the knowledge gained with random and site-directed mutants that lead to increased carotenoids yield, we propose new metabolic engineering targets to increase astaxanthin biosynthesis.
ISSN:1475-2859
1475-2859
DOI:10.1186/s12934-021-01664-6