Targeting Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Using a Supervised Machine Learning Approach Based on Mechanomyography

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2024-01, Vol.24 (2), p.634
• Main Authors: Spieker, Eira Lotta, Dvorani, Ardit, Salchow-Hömmen, Christina, Otto, Carolin, Ruprecht, Klemens, Wenger, Nikolaus, Schauer, Thomas
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: acceleration; Algorithms; Automation; Calibration; Care and treatment; Electrodes; Electromyography; Gait; Humans; Hydrogels; Legs; Machine learning; mechanomyography (MMG); Multiple sclerosis; multiple sclerosis (MS); Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; Patients; Sensors; Skin; Spasticity; Spinal cord; Spinal Cord - physiology; Spinal Cord Injuries; spinal cord injury (SCI); Spinal Cord Stimulation - methods; supervised classification; Supervised Machine Learning; transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS)
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24020634

Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) provides a promising therapy option for individuals with injured spinal cords and multiple sclerosis patients with spasticity and gait deficits. Before the therapy, the examiner determines a suitable electrode position and stimulation current for a controlled application. For that, amplitude characteristics of posterior root muscle (PRM) responses in the electromyography (EMG) of the legs to double pulses are examined. This laborious procedure holds potential for simplification due to time-consuming skin preparation, sensor placement, and required expert knowledge. Here, we investigate mechanomyography (MMG) that employs accelerometers instead of EMGs to assess muscle activity. A supervised machine-learning classification approach was implemented to classify the acceleration data into no activity and muscular/reflex responses, considering the EMG responses as ground truth. The acceleration-based calibration procedure achieved a mean accuracy of up to 87% relative to the classical EMG approach as ground truth on a combined cohort of 11 healthy subjects and 11 patients. Based on this classification, the identified current amplitude for the tSCS therapy was in 85%, comparable to the EMG-based ground truth. In healthy subjects, where both therapy current and position have been identified, 91% of the outcome matched well with the EMG approach. We conclude that MMG has the potential to make the tuning of tSCS feasible in clinical practice and even in home use.