Phagocyte Escape of Leptospira : The Role of TLRs and NLRs

The spirochetal bacteria spp. are causative agents of leptospirosis, a globally neglected and reemerging zoonotic disease. Infection with these pathogens may lead to an acute and potentially fatal disease but also to chronic asymptomatic renal colonization. Both forms of disease demonstrate the abil...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in immunology 2020-10, Vol.11, p.571816
Main Authors: Santecchia, Ignacio, Ferrer, María Florencia, Vieira, Monica Larucci, Gómez, Ricardo Martín, Werts, Catherine
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Bacteriology
Humans
Immune Evasion
Immunity, Innate
Immunology
Innate immunity
Leptospira - physiology
leptospires
Leptospirosis - immunology
Life Sciences
macrophages
Macrophages - immunology
Microbiology and Parasitology
neutrophils
Neutrophils - immunology
NLR Proteins - metabolism
phagocytes
Phagocytes - immunology
Phagocytosis
platelets
TLR—toll-like receptor
Toll-Like Receptors - metabolism
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Summary:The spirochetal bacteria spp. are causative agents of leptospirosis, a globally neglected and reemerging zoonotic disease. Infection with these pathogens may lead to an acute and potentially fatal disease but also to chronic asymptomatic renal colonization. Both forms of disease demonstrate the ability of leptospires to evade the immune response of their hosts. In this review, we aim first to recapitulate the knowledge and explore the controversial data about the opsonization, recognition, intracellular survival, and killing of leptospires by scavenger cells, including platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Second, we will summarize the known specificities of the recognition or escape of leptospire components (the so-called microbial-associated molecular patterns; MAMPs) by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the Toll-like and NOD-like families. These PRRs are expressed by phagocytes, and their stimulation by MAMPs triggers pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production and bactericidal responses, such as antimicrobial peptide secretion and reactive oxygen species production. Finally, we will highlight recent studies suggesting that boosting or restoring phagocytic functions by treatments using agonists of the Toll-like or NOD receptors represents a novel prophylactic strategy and describe other potential therapeutic or vaccine strategies to combat leptospirosis.
ISSN:1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.571816