Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for COVID-19 Severity-The Gut Microbiome as a Common Player Mediating Systemic Inflammation via Gut Barrier Dysfunction

The novel corona virus that is now known as (SARS-CoV-2) has killed more than six million people worldwide. The disease presentation varies from mild respiratory symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome and ultimately death. Several risk factors have been shown to worsen the severity of COVID...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-05, Vol.11 (9), p.1569
Main Authors: Mashaqi, Saif, Kallamadi, Rekha, Matta, Abhishek, Quan, Stuart F, Patel, Salma I, Combs, Daniel, Estep, Lauren, Lee-Iannotti, Joyce, Smith, Charles, Parthasarathy, Sairam, Gozal, David
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Apnea
Chronic illnesses
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Diabetes mellitus
Digestive system
Dysbacteriosis
Gastrointestinal tract
gut microbiome
Inflammation
Intestinal microflora
Literature reviews
Microbiomes
Microbiota
Mortality
obstructive sleep apnea
Respiratory distress syndrome
Review
Risk factors
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Sleep
Sleep apnea
Sleep disorders
tight junction
zonulin
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Summary:The novel corona virus that is now known as (SARS-CoV-2) has killed more than six million people worldwide. The disease presentation varies from mild respiratory symptoms to acute respiratory distress syndrome and ultimately death. Several risk factors have been shown to worsen the severity of COVID-19 outcomes (such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity). Since many of these risk factors are known to be influenced by obstructive sleep apnea, this raises the possibility that OSA might be an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity. A shift in the gut microbiota has been proposed to contribute to outcomes in both COVID-19 and OSA. To further evaluate the potential triangular interrelationships between these three elements, we conducted a thorough literature review attempting to elucidate these interactions. From this review, it is concluded that OSA may be a risk factor for worse COVID-19 clinical outcomes, and the shifts in gut microbiota associated with both COVID-19 and OSA may mediate processes leading to bacterial translocation via a defective gut barrier which can then foster systemic inflammation. Thus, targeting biomarkers of intestinal tight junction dysfunction in conjunction with restoring gut dysbiosis may provide novel avenues for both risk detection and adjuvant therapy.
ISSN:2073-4409
2073-4409
DOI:10.3390/cells11091569