Safety Assessment of 3S, 3’S Astaxanthin Derived from Metabolically Engineered K. marxianus

Previous reviews have already explored the safety and bioavailability of astaxanthin, as well as its beneficial effects on human body. The great commercial potential in a variety of industries, such as the pharmaceutical and health supplement industries, has led to a skyrocketing demand for natural...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Antioxidants 2022-11, Vol.11 (11), p.2288
Main Authors: Samuel, Sabrina Yeo, Wang, Hui-Min David, Huang, Meng-Yuan, Cheng, Yu-Shen, Chen, Juine-Ruey, Li, Wen-Hsiung, Chang, Jui-Jen
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3S′ astaxanthin
Algae
antioxidant
Astaxanthin
Bioavailability
Biosynthesis
Carotenoids
Crystals
E coli
Enzymes
food safety
Genomes
Kluyveromyces marxianus
Metabolism
Microorganisms
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Probiotics
Safety
Seafood
Stereoisomers
Yeast
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Summary:Previous reviews have already explored the safety and bioavailability of astaxanthin, as well as its beneficial effects on human body. The great commercial potential in a variety of industries, such as the pharmaceutical and health supplement industries, has led to a skyrocketing demand for natural astaxanthin. In this study, we have successfully optimized the astaxanthin yield up to 12.8 mg/g DCW in a probiotic yeast and purity to 97%. We also verified that it is the desired free-form 3S, 3’S configurational stereoisomer by NMR and FITR that can significantly increase the bioavailability of astaxanthin. In addition, we have proven that our extracted astaxanthin crystals have higher antioxidant capabilities compared with natural esterified astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. We also screened for potential adverse effects of the pure astaxanthin crystals extracted from the engineered probiotic yeast by dosing SD rats with 6, 12, and 24 mg/kg/day of astaxanthin crystals via oral gavages for a 13-week period and have found no significant biological differences between the control and treatment groups in rats of both genders, further confirming the safety of astaxanthin crystals. This study demonstrates that developing metabolically engineered microorganisms provides a safe and feasible approach for the bio-based production of many beneficial compounds, including astaxanthin.
ISSN:2076-3921
2076-3921
DOI:10.3390/antiox11112288