Protective Effects of Ferulic Acid on Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

• Published in: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2022-12, Vol.28 (1), p.281
• Main Authors: Ye, Lei, Hu, Pan, Feng, Li-Ping, Huang, Li-Lu, Wang, Yi, Yan, Xin, Xiong, Jing, Xia, Hou-Lin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT protein; Alzheimer's disease; Biological activity; Blood pressure; Carbohydrates; Cardiomyopathy; Cardiovascular diseases; Care and treatment; Cereals; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic retinopathy; Diagnosis; Diet; Ferulic acid; Free radicals; Glucose; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hyperlipidemia; Hypertension; Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Lipid metabolism; Lipid peroxidation; Lipids; MAP kinase; Metabolic Diseases; Metabolic disorders; Metabolic pathways; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - drug therapy; Metabolic syndrome X; Metabolites; Musculoskeletal system; Nutrition research; Obesity; Obesity - metabolism; Oxidative stress; Phenolic acids; Phenols; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases - metabolism; Prevention; Reductases; Review; Reviews; Risk factors; Signal Transduction; Signs and symptoms; Sterol regulatory element-binding protein; Type 2 diabetes; Wound healing
• ISSN: 1420-3049; 1420-3049
• DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010281

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disease in which protein, fat, carbohydrates and other substances are metabolized in a disorderly way. Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic acid found in many vegetables, fruits, cereals and Chinese herbs that has a strong effect on ameliorating MetS. However, no review has summarized the mechanisms of FA in treating MetS. This review collected articles related to the effects of FA on ameliorating the common symptoms of MetS, such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and obesity, from different sources involving Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar, etc. This review summarizes the potential mechanisms of FA in improving various metabolic disorders according to the collected articles. FA ameliorates diabetes via the inhibition of the expressions of PEPCK, G6Pase and GP, the upregulation of the expressions of GK and GS, and the activation of the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway. The decrease of blood pressure is related to the endothelial function of the aortas and RAAS. The improvement of the lipid spectrum is mediated via the suppression of the HMG-Co A reductase, by promoting the ACSL1 expression and by the regulation of the factors associated with lipid metabolism. Furthermore, FA inhibits obesity by upregulating the MEK/ERK pathway, the MAPK pathway and the AMPK signaling pathway and by inhibiting SREBP-1 expression. This review can be helpful for the development of FA as an appreciable agent for MetS treatment.