Caffeine Residue in Terengganu River Basins in Malaysia: Distribution and Risk Assessment

The occurrence of caffeine residue in Malaysian waters was successfully studied. The micropollutant abundance was recorded for three selected main rivers namely Terengganu, Ibai and Setiu which are located in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Surface water samples were taken twice in September and No...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Nature environment and pollution technology 2020-06, Vol.19 (2), p.711-719
Main Authors: Wan Mohd Khalik, Wan Mohd Afiq, Loh, Saw Hong, Albani, Haslina, Syazwani Alias, Siti Aisyah, Ulfah Rahman, Khaeriah
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquatic organisms
Caffeine
Chromatography
Developmental stages
Ecological risk assessment
Environmental risk
Health risks
High density polyethylenes
High performance liquid chromatography
Liquid chromatography
Pharmaceuticals
Quotients
Residues
Risk assessment
River basins
Rivers
Sampling
Sensors
Solid phases
Sublethal effects
Surface water
Water analysis
Water quality
Water sampling
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Summary:The occurrence of caffeine residue in Malaysian waters was successfully studied. The micropollutant abundance was recorded for three selected main rivers namely Terengganu, Ibai and Setiu which are located in Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Surface water samples were taken twice in September and November 2018 from 15 sampling stations. Caffeine residue was determined using the solid phase extraction technique followed by a final analysis using a high performance liquid chromatography-UV detector. Measured concentration levels ranged from 384 to 426 ng/L for both datasets obtained from the two sampling surveys. The ecological risk assessment was calculated to be at low risk ranging from RQ 0.075 to 0.085, while the risk quotients (RQ) of human health risk was recorded below than 0.20 for three life-stage categories. The MaxRI values fall under class II which means that there is a risk of sublethal effects to aquatic organisms.
ISSN:0972-6268
2395-3454
DOI:10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i02.026