Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on low birthweight in Soweto, South Africa

Background. Pregnant women were indirectly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic owing to heightened stress, fear of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 and the disruption of antenatal health services. Increased stress and lack of antenatal healthcare could result in an increase in adverse birth ou...

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Published in:South African medical journal 2023-10, Vol.113 (10), p.1432-41
Main Authors: Drysdale, R.E, Slemming, W, Momberg, D, Said-Mohamad, R, Richter, L.M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Australia
Birth weight, Low
Child development
COVID-19
Epidemics
Health aspects
Infant
Infants (Premature)
Low birthweight
Pregnancy
Pregnant women
Prenatal influences
Risk factors
Social aspects
South Africa
Statistics
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container_end_page 41
container_issue 10
container_start_page 1432
container_title South African medical journal
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creator Drysdale, R.E
Slemming, W
Momberg, D
Said-Mohamad, R
Richter, L.M
description Background. Pregnant women were indirectly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic owing to heightened stress, fear of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 and the disruption of antenatal health services. Increased stress and lack of antenatal healthcare could result in an increase in adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth or low birthweight. Objectives. Using a case-control design, to compare the prevalence of low birthweight among infants born before and during the pandemic in Soweto, South Africa. Method. Infants born before the pandemic and national lockdown were included in the control group, while infants who were in utero and born during the pandemic were included in the case group. Only infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation with no birth complications were included. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine whether the pandemic was associated with an increase in low birthweight. A birthweight
doi_str_mv 10.7196/SAMJ.2023.v113i10.746
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Pregnant women were indirectly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic owing to heightened stress, fear of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 and the disruption of antenatal health services. Increased stress and lack of antenatal healthcare could result in an increase in adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth or low birthweight. Objectives. Using a case-control design, to compare the prevalence of low birthweight among infants born before and during the pandemic in Soweto, South Africa. Method. Infants born before the pandemic and national lockdown were included in the control group, while infants who were in utero and born during the pandemic were included in the case group. Only infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation with no birth complications were included. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine whether the pandemic was associated with an increase in low birthweight. A birthweight &lt;2.5 kg was classified as low birthweight. Results. In total, 199 mother-infant pairs were included in the control group, with 201 mother-infant pairs in the case group. The prevalence of low birthweight was 4% in the control group and 11% in the case group, with those born during the pandemic at a higher risk of being of low birthweight. Conclusion. The high prevalence of low birthweight in infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation during the pandemic could result in an increase in child stunting and poor development. Future research should measure early child development and growth in infants born during the pandemic to assess whether there is a need to intervene and provide additional support to minimise the negative effects.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0256-9574</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2078-5135</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.7196/SAMJ.2023.v113i10.746</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Health &amp; Medical Publishing Group</publisher><subject>Australia ; Birth weight, Low ; Child development ; COVID-19 ; Epidemics ; Health aspects ; Infant ; Infants (Premature) ; Low birthweight ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Prenatal influences ; Risk factors ; Social aspects ; South Africa ; Statistics</subject><ispartof>South African medical journal, 2023-10, Vol.113 (10), p.1432-41</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 Health &amp; Medical Publishing Group</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><orcidid>0000-0002-1566-8228 ; 0000-0003-0409-9549 ; 0000-0003-1592-5412 ; 0000-0002-3654-3192 ; 0000-0002-1374-7539</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,864,2102,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Drysdale, R.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slemming, W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Momberg, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Said-Mohamad, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richter, L.M</creatorcontrib><title>Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on low birthweight in Soweto, South Africa</title><title>South African medical journal</title><description>Background. Pregnant women were indirectly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic owing to heightened stress, fear of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 and the disruption of antenatal health services. Increased stress and lack of antenatal healthcare could result in an increase in adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth or low birthweight. Objectives. Using a case-control design, to compare the prevalence of low birthweight among infants born before and during the pandemic in Soweto, South Africa. Method. Infants born before the pandemic and national lockdown were included in the control group, while infants who were in utero and born during the pandemic were included in the case group. Only infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation with no birth complications were included. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine whether the pandemic was associated with an increase in low birthweight. A birthweight &lt;2.5 kg was classified as low birthweight. Results. In total, 199 mother-infant pairs were included in the control group, with 201 mother-infant pairs in the case group. The prevalence of low birthweight was 4% in the control group and 11% in the case group, with those born during the pandemic at a higher risk of being of low birthweight. Conclusion. The high prevalence of low birthweight in infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation during the pandemic could result in an increase in child stunting and poor development. Future research should measure early child development and growth in infants born during the pandemic to assess whether there is a need to intervene and provide additional support to minimise the negative effects.</description><subject>Australia</subject><subject>Birth weight, Low</subject><subject>Child development</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infants (Premature)</subject><subject>Low birthweight</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnant women</subject><subject>Prenatal influences</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Social aspects</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>Statistics</subject><issn>0256-9574</issn><issn>2078-5135</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptkV2LEzEUhoMoWFd_gjAgeOXUZPI5l6XuR2VlL1a9DenJSSfrdLJkshb_valdxAXJxUlenvNCeAh5y-hSs159vF19-bzsaMeXPxnj8RgL9YwsOqpNKxmXz8mCdlK1vdTiJXk1z3e0vmWvFuRis793UJoUmvXN982nlvXNmOCHT4epSVO9H5ptzGU4YNwNpYlTc5sOWNKHOh_K0KxCjuBekxfBjTO-eZxn5NvF-df1VXt9c7lZr65bEFyXNvgAAN5pGvogtryjAnoDEiU3jjKUmvuOKzAo0RjBghFAZe-loop2qPkZ2Zx6fXJ39j7Hvcu_bHLR_glS3lmXS4QRrfaSSSGN7rdMKO4NICqDaHjwnG557Xp36tq5iscppJId7OMMdqWV0ZRzJiq1_A9Vj8d9hDRhiDV_svD-n4UB3ViGOY0PJaZpfgrKEwg5zXPG8Pc_jNqjWHsUa49i7aNYW8Xy3zIBkyA</recordid><startdate>20231001</startdate><enddate>20231001</enddate><creator>Drysdale, R.E</creator><creator>Slemming, W</creator><creator>Momberg, D</creator><creator>Said-Mohamad, R</creator><creator>Richter, L.M</creator><general>Health &amp; Medical Publishing Group</general><general>South African Medical Association</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1566-8228</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0409-9549</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1592-5412</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3654-3192</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1374-7539</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231001</creationdate><title>Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on low birthweight in Soweto, South Africa</title><author>Drysdale, R.E ; Slemming, W ; Momberg, D ; Said-Mohamad, R ; Richter, L.M</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c437t-fdfcccda70f9f4b3204c98c5e538a01e573d236c8e5e8841f84c059d560602e73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Australia</topic><topic>Birth weight, Low</topic><topic>Child development</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infants (Premature)</topic><topic>Low birthweight</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Pregnant women</topic><topic>Prenatal influences</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Social aspects</topic><topic>South Africa</topic><topic>Statistics</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Drysdale, R.E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Slemming, W</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Momberg, D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Said-Mohamad, R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richter, L.M</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>South African medical journal</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Drysdale, R.E</au><au>Slemming, W</au><au>Momberg, D</au><au>Said-Mohamad, R</au><au>Richter, L.M</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on low birthweight in Soweto, South Africa</atitle><jtitle>South African medical journal</jtitle><date>2023-10-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>113</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>1432</spage><epage>41</epage><pages>1432-41</pages><issn>0256-9574</issn><eissn>2078-5135</eissn><abstract>Background. Pregnant women were indirectly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic owing to heightened stress, fear of mother-to-child transmission of COVID-19 and the disruption of antenatal health services. Increased stress and lack of antenatal healthcare could result in an increase in adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth or low birthweight. Objectives. Using a case-control design, to compare the prevalence of low birthweight among infants born before and during the pandemic in Soweto, South Africa. Method. Infants born before the pandemic and national lockdown were included in the control group, while infants who were in utero and born during the pandemic were included in the case group. Only infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation with no birth complications were included. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to determine whether the pandemic was associated with an increase in low birthweight. A birthweight &lt;2.5 kg was classified as low birthweight. Results. In total, 199 mother-infant pairs were included in the control group, with 201 mother-infant pairs in the case group. The prevalence of low birthweight was 4% in the control group and 11% in the case group, with those born during the pandemic at a higher risk of being of low birthweight. Conclusion. The high prevalence of low birthweight in infants born [greater than or equal to] 37 weeks' gestation during the pandemic could result in an increase in child stunting and poor development. 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subjects Australia
Birth weight, Low
Child development
COVID-19
Epidemics
Health aspects
Infant
Infants (Premature)
Low birthweight
Pregnancy
Pregnant women
Prenatal influences
Risk factors
Social aspects
South Africa
Statistics
title Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on low birthweight in Soweto, South Africa
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