Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Important Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Pathogens and Novel Antibiotic Solutions

Multidrug-resistant bacteria have on overwhelming impact on human health, as they cause over 670,000 infections and 33,000 deaths annually in the European Union alone. Of these, the vast majority of infections and deaths are caused by only a handful of species-multi-drug resistant , , , spp., spp. a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Antibiotics (Basel) 2021-04, Vol.10 (4), p.415
Main Authors: Kakoullis, Loukas, Papachristodoulou, Eleni, Chra, Paraskevi, Panos, George
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acinetobacter baumannii
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics
Bacteria
Drug resistance
E coli
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Escherichia coli
Fatalities
Infections
Klebsiella
Multidrug resistance
Mutation
Pathogens
Penicillin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Review
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus infections
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Summary:Multidrug-resistant bacteria have on overwhelming impact on human health, as they cause over 670,000 infections and 33,000 deaths annually in the European Union alone. Of these, the vast majority of infections and deaths are caused by only a handful of species-multi-drug resistant , , , spp., spp. and . These pathogens employ a multitude of antibiotic resistance mechanisms, such as the production of antibiotic deactivating enzymes, changes in antibiotic targets, or a reduction of intracellular antibiotic concentration, which render them insusceptible to multiple antibiotics. The purpose of this review is to summarize in a clinical manner the resistance mechanisms of each of these 6 pathogens, as well as the mechanisms of recently developed antibiotics designed to overcome them. Through a basic understanding of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the clinician can better comprehend and predict resistance patterns even to antibiotics not reported on the antibiogram and can subsequently select the most appropriate antibiotic for the pathogen in question.
ISSN:2079-6382
2079-6382
DOI:10.3390/antibiotics10040415