Sensitivity of convectively driven tropical tropopause cirrus properties to ice habits in high-resolution simulations

• Published in: Atmospheric chemistry and physics 2023-02, Vol.23 (4), p.2393-2419
• Main Authors: Lamraoui, Fayçal, Krämer, Martina, Afchine, Armin, Sokol, Adam B, Khaykin, Sergey, Pandey, Apoorva, Kuang, Zhiming
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aggregates; Aircraft; Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics; Case studies; Cirrus clouds; Climate feedback; Climate feedbacks; Clouds; Cold; Crystals; Energy budget; General circulation models; Habits; Hydration; Ice; Ice clouds; Ice crystals; Ice particles; Large eddy simulation; Large eddy simulations; Lower stratosphere; Microphysics; Moisture content; Numerical experiments; Oceanic eddies; Parameterization; Particle size distribution; Physics; Plumes; Radiation; Relative humidity; Representations; Residence time; Sedimentation & deposition; Sediments; Simulation methods; Size distribution; Slopes; Stratosphere; Stratospheric chemistry; Supersaturation; Tropical tropopause; Tropopause; Troposphere; Upper troposphere; Vertical advection; Water content; Wind
• ISSN: 1680-7324; 1680-7316; 1680-7324
• DOI: 10.5194/acp-23-2393-2023

Cirrus clouds that form in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) can play a key role in vertical transport through the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, which can significantly impact the radiative energy budget and stratospheric chemistry. However, the lack of realistic representation of natural ice cloud habits in microphysical parameterizations can lead to uncertainties in cloud-related processes and cloud–climate feedbacks. The main goal of this study is to investigate the role of different cloud regimes and the associated ice habits in regulating the properties of the TTL. We compare aircraft measurements from the StratoClim field campaign to a set of numerical experiments at the scale of large-eddy simulations (LESs) for the same case study that employ different microphysics schemes. Aircraft measurements over the southern slopes of the Himalayas captured high ice water content (HIWC) up to 2400 ppmv and ice particle aggregates exceeding 700 µm in size with unusually long residence times. The observed ice particles were mainly of liquid origin, with a small amount formed in situ. The corresponding profile of ice water content (IWC) from the ERA5 reanalysis corroborates the presence of HIWC detrained from deep-convective plumes in the TTL but underestimates HIWC by an order of magnitude. In the TTL, only the scheme that predicts ice habits can reproduce the observed HIWC, ice number concentration, and bimodal ice particle size distribution. The lower range of particle sizes is mostly represented by planar and columnar habits, while the upper range is dominated by aggregates. Large aggregates with sizes between 600 and 800 µm have fall speeds of less than 20 cm s−1, which explains the long residence time of the aggregates in the TTL. Planar ice particles of liquid origin contribute substantially to HIWC. The columnar and aggregate habits are in the in situ range with lower IWC and number concentrations. For all habits, the ice number concentration increases with decreasing temperature. For the planar ice habit, relative humidity is inversely correlated with fall speed. This correlation is less evident for the other two ice habits. In the lower range of supersaturation with respect to ice, the columnar habit has the highest fall speed. The difference in ice number concentration across habits can be up to 4 orders of magnitude, with aggregates occurring in much smaller numbers. We demonstrate and quantify the linear relationship between the differe