In Situ Gel Loaded with Chitosan-Coated Simvastatin Nanoparticles: Promising Delivery for Effective Anti-Proliferative Activity against Tongue Carcinoma

• Published in: Marine drugs 2020-04, Vol.18 (4), p.201
• Main Authors: Kurakula, Mallesh, Naveen, N Raghavendra
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Apoptosis; Biological activity; Cancer therapies; Carcinoma; Caspase 3 - metabolism; Caspase-3; Cell cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation - drug effects; Cell Survival - drug effects; Chemotherapy; Chitosan; Chitosan - chemistry; Coatings; Design modifications; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug delivery systems; Drug Delivery Systems - methods; Drug Liberation; Drugs; Entrapment; face-centered central composite design; Gels; Humans; in situ gel; Metastasis; Microscopy; Mouth Neoplasms - drug therapy; Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles - chemistry; Nanostructured materials; Neoplasms; Oral cancer; Particle Size; Poloxamers; Polymers; Quercetin; Scanning microscopy; Simvastatin; Simvastatin - chemistry; Spectrum analysis; Stability; Tongue; Tongue - pathology; tongue carcinoma; Tumor suppressor genes; Variance analysis
• ISSN: 1660-3397; 1660-3397
• DOI: 10.3390/md18040201

The goal of this study is to develop optimized chitosan-coated Simvastatin (SIM) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded in an in situ gel (ISG) formulation via a face-centered central composite design (FCCCD). Coated SIM-NPs were doped with Quercetin (QRC) using a modified nanoprecipitation method. The concentrations of poloxamer 188 (A) and chitosan (B) at five different levels, plus/minus alpha (+1.414 and -1.414: axial points), plus/minus 1 (factorial points) and the center point were optimized for particle size (PS-Y1), entrapment efficacy (EE-Y2) and stability index (SI-Y3). Based on the desirability approach, a formulation containing poloxamer 188 0.24% and chitosan 0.43% renders the prerequisites of optimum formulation for preparing SIM-QRC NP-loaded ISG. Scanning microscopy showed spherical SIM-NPs, indicating monodispersity in the range of 0.50 ± 0.04 nm with a charge of +32.42 mV. The optimized formulation indicated the highest EE 79.67% and better stability at 4 °C. Drug release from SIM-QRC NP-loaded ISG was slower to plateau by up to 96 h and, at the end of 168 h, only 65.12% of SIM was released in a more controlled manner in comparison to SIM-QRC NPs and plain SIM. ISG formulation showed a considerable increase in apoptosis occurrence through caspase-3 mediation and it also enhanced the tumor suppressor protein levels. Enhanced biological activity of SIM was observed due to QRC enabling promising drug and polymer synergistic interaction. The proposed formulation can provide a breakthrough in localized therapy, overcoming the potential drawbacks of systemic chemotherapy for tongue carcinoma.