Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Mineral and Organic Fillers

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2022-06, Vol.23 (13), p.6925
• Main Authors: Manaila, Elena, Craciun, Gabriela, Ighigeanu, Daniel, Lungu, Ion Bogdan, Dumitru Grivei, Marius Daniel, Stelescu, Maria Daniela
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aldehydes; Carbon black; Carboxylic acids; Cellulose; Chalk; Composite materials; composites; Crosslinking; Degradation; Dosimetry; Electron beams; Electron irradiation; Fillers; Fourier analysis; Fourier transforms; Free radicals; Hemp; Hydrogen bonding; Hydrogen bonds; Infrared spectroscopy; Ketones; Laboratories; Macromolecules; Mechanical properties; Molecular weight; Morphology; Natural rubber; precipitated silica; Radiation; Radiation dosage; Rubber; Rubber industry; Sawdust; Scanning electron microscopy; Structural analysis; Toluene; Water uptake; Weight loss
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136925

Composites based on natural rubber reinforced with mineral (precipitated silica and chalk) and organic (sawdust and hemp) fillers in amount of 50 phr were obtained by peroxide cross-linking in the presence of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and irradiated by electron beam in the dose range of 150 and 450 kGy with the purpose of degradation. The composites mechanical characteristics, gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water uptake and weight loss in water and toluene were evaluated by specific analysis. The changes in structure and morphology were also studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Based on the results obtained in the structural analysis, possible mechanisms specific to degradation are proposed. The increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy produced larger agglomerated structures, cracks and micro voids on the surface, as a result of the degradation process. This is consistent with that the increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy leads to a decrease in crosslinking and gel fraction but also drastic changes in mechanical properties specific to the composites’ degradation processes. The irradiation of composites reinforced with organic fillers lead to the formation of specific degradation compounds of both natural rubber and cellulose (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, compounds with small macromolecules). In the case of the composites reinforced with mineral fillers the degradation can occur by the cleavage of hydrogen bonds formed between precipitated silica or chalk particles and polymeric matrix also.