Lipoxin A4 levels correlate with severity in a Spanish COVID-19 cohort: potential use of endogenous pro-resolving mediators as biomarkers

• Published in: Frontiers in immunology 2025-01, Vol.15, p.1509188
• Main Authors: Sánchez-García, Sergio, Jaén, Rafael I., Lozano-Rodríguez, Roberto, Avendaño-Ortiz, José, Pascual‐Iglesias, Alejandro, Hurtado-Navarro, Laura, López-Collazo, Eduardo, Boscá, Lisardo, Prieto, Patricia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: biomarker; Covid; cytokine storm; Immunology; lipoxin; pulmonary disease
• ISSN: 1664-3224; 1664-3224
• DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1509188

SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 global pandemic, leads to a wide variety of responses among patients. Some of them present a very severe phenotype, while others only experience mild symptoms or are even asymptomatic. This differential prognosis is tightly related to the inflammatory status of the patient. Although WHO declared the end of the emergency, the pandemic caused a great socio-sanitary impact in all countries. Thus, the possible outbreak of new biological diseases in the future makes it necessary to deepen the knowledge of this uncontrolled immune response and look for reliable biomarkers to help us predict its potential health impact. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) as lipoxins are endogenous mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid in the resolution stage of any inflammatory process. These lipids have pro-resolving actions in several pathological models, including reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and inducing the antioxidant response through the Nrf-2 pathway. Thus, although a potential relationship has already been suggested between low levels of SPMs and COVID-19 severity, their true role as a predictive biomarker is still unknown.BackgroundSARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 global pandemic, leads to a wide variety of responses among patients. Some of them present a very severe phenotype, while others only experience mild symptoms or are even asymptomatic. This differential prognosis is tightly related to the inflammatory status of the patient. Although WHO declared the end of the emergency, the pandemic caused a great socio-sanitary impact in all countries. Thus, the possible outbreak of new biological diseases in the future makes it necessary to deepen the knowledge of this uncontrolled immune response and look for reliable biomarkers to help us predict its potential health impact. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) as lipoxins are endogenous mediators synthesized from arachidonic acid in the resolution stage of any inflammatory process. These lipids have pro-resolving actions in several pathological models, including reducing NF-κB-mediated inflammation, and inducing the antioxidant response through the Nrf-2 pathway. Thus, although a potential relationship has already been suggested between low levels of SPMs and COVID-19 severity, their true role as a predictive biomarker is still unknown.In this study, we have analyzed by ELISA the serum levels of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in a