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Simultaneous real-time EEG-fMRI neurofeedback: A systematic review

Neurofeedback (NF) is a biofeedback technique that teaches individuals self-control of brain functions by measuring brain activations and providing an online feedback signal to modify emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functions. NF approaches typically rely on a single modality, such as electroen...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in human neuroscience 2023-03, Vol.17, p.1123014-1123014
Main Authors: Ciccarelli, Giuseppina, Federico, Giovanni, Mele, Giulia, Di Cecca, Angelica, Migliaccio, Miriana, Ilardi, Ciro Rosario, Alfano, Vincenzo, Salvatore, Marco, Cavaliere, Carlo
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Language:English
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Summary:Neurofeedback (NF) is a biofeedback technique that teaches individuals self-control of brain functions by measuring brain activations and providing an online feedback signal to modify emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functions. NF approaches typically rely on a single modality, such as electroencephalography (EEG-NF) or a brain imaging technique, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI-NF). The introduction of simultaneous EEG-fMRI tools has opened up the possibility of combining the high temporal resolution of EEG with the high spatial resolution of fMRI, thereby increasing the accuracy of NF. However, only a few studies have actively combined both techniques. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of EEG-fMRI-NF studies (N = 17) to identify the potential and effectiveness of this non-invasive treatment for neurological conditions. The systematic review revealed a lack of homogeneity among the studies, including sample sizes, acquisition methods in terms of simultaneity of the two procedures (unimodal EEG-NF and fMRI-NF), therapeutic targets field, and the number of sessions. Indeed, because most studies are based on a single session of NF, it is difficult to draw any conclusions regarding the therapeutic efficacy of NF. Therefore, further research is needed to fully understand non-clinical and clinical potential of EEG-fMRI-NF.
ISSN:1662-5161
1662-5161
DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1123014