Nanotechnology for Topical Drug Delivery to the Anterior Segment of the Eye

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2021-11, Vol.22 (22), p.12368
• Main Authors: Vaneev, Alexander, Tikhomirova, Victoria, Chesnokova, Natalia, Popova, Ekaterina, Beznos, Olga, Kost, Olga, Klyachko, Natalia
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Administration, Ophthalmic; Animals; Anterior Eye Segment - drug effects; Anterior Eye Segment - metabolism; Anterior Eye Segment - pathology; anterior segment of the eye; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - administration & dosage; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacokinetics; Bioavailability; Biological Availability; Cataract - drug therapy; Cataract - metabolism; Cataract - pathology; Cataracts; Cornea; Drug carriers; Drug Carriers - chemical synthesis; Drug Carriers - classification; Drug Carriers - pharmacokinetics; Drug delivery; Drug delivery systems; Drug Liberation; Drugs; Dry Eye Syndromes - drug therapy; Dry Eye Syndromes - metabolism; Dry Eye Syndromes - pathology; Endothelium; Enzymes; Epithelium; Eye diseases; Glaucoma; Glaucoma - drug therapy; Glaucoma - metabolism; Glaucoma - pathology; Humans; Hydrogels; in situ gels; In vivo methods and tests; Inflammatory diseases; Micelles; Nanogels - chemistry; nanomicelles; Nanoparticles; Nanoparticles - administration & dosage; Nanoparticles - metabolism; Nanotechnology; Nanotechnology - instrumentation; Nanotechnology - methods; Natural polymers; ocular barriers; ocular drug delivery; Ophthalmic Solutions - administration & dosage; Ophthalmic Solutions - pharmacokinetics; Permeability; Polymers - chemical synthesis; Polymers - classification; Polymers - pharmacokinetics; Proteins; Review; Segments; Topical medication; Visual impairment
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212368

Topical drug delivery is one of the most challenging aspects of eye therapy. Eye drops are the most prevalent drug form, especially for widely distributed anterior segment eye diseases (cataracts, glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, inflammatory diseases, etc.), because they are convenient and easy to apply by patients. However, conventional drug formulations are usually characterized by short retention time in the tear film, insufficient contact with epithelium, fast elimination, and difficulties in overcoming ocular tissue barriers. Not more than 5% of the total drug dose administered in eye drops reaches the interior ocular tissues. To overcome the ocular drug delivery barriers and improve drug bioavailability, various conventional and novel drug delivery systems have been developed. Among these, nanosize carriers are the most attractive. The review is focused on the different drug carriers, such as synthetic and natural polymers, as well as inorganic carriers, with special attention to nanoparticles and nanomicelles. Studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that new formulations could help to improve the bioavailability of the drugs, provide sustained drug release, enhance and prolong their therapeutic action. Promising results were obtained with drug-loaded nanoparticles included in in situ gel.