Genetics and Epigenetics of Bone Remodeling and Metabolic Bone Diseases

Bone metabolism consists of a balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which is mediated by osteoblast and osteoclast activity, respectively. In order to ensure bone plasticity, the bone remodeling process needs to function properly. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into the osteoblas...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-01, Vol.23 (3), p.1500
Main Authors: Oton-Gonzalez, Lucia, Mazziotta, Chiara, Iaquinta, Maria Rosa, Mazzoni, Elisa, Nocini, Riccardo, Trevisiol, Lorenzo, D'Agostino, Antonio, Tognon, Mauro, Rotondo, John Charles, Martini, Fernanda
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Apoptosis
Biomedical materials
Blood
Bone diseases
Bone Diseases, Metabolic - genetics
bone formation
Bone growth
Bone marrow
Bone morphogenetic proteins
bone morphogenic protein
Bone Remodeling
Bone resorption
Bone turnover
Cell differentiation
DNA Methylation
Epigenesis, Genetic
Epigenetics
Fractures
Gene expression
Genetic Predisposition to Disease - genetics
Genetics
Growth factors
Histone Code
histone post-translational modifications
Histones
Homeostasis
Humans
Kinases
Mesenchyme
Metabolism
Mutation
Non-coding RNA
Osteoblastogenesis
Osteoblasts
Osteogenesis
Post-translation
Proteins
Review
RNA, Untranslated - genetics
Stem cells
Transcription factors
Transforming growth factor-b
Wnt protein
Wnt Signaling Pathway
β-Catenin
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Summary:Bone metabolism consists of a balance between bone formation and bone resorption, which is mediated by osteoblast and osteoclast activity, respectively. In order to ensure bone plasticity, the bone remodeling process needs to function properly. Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into the osteoblast lineage by activating different signaling pathways, including transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and the Wingless/Int-1 (Wnt)/β-catenin pathways. Recent data indicate that bone remodeling processes are also epigenetically regulated by DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNA expressions, such as micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs. Mutations and dysfunctions in pathways regulating the osteoblast differentiation might influence the bone remodeling process, ultimately leading to a large variety of metabolic bone diseases. In this review, we aim to summarize and describe the genetics and epigenetics of the bone remodeling process. Moreover, the current findings behind the genetics of metabolic bone diseases are also reported.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23031500