Synthesis of hollow carbon spheres by chemical activation of carbon nanoparticles for their use in electrochemical capacitor

• Published in: Carbon trends 2022-10, Vol.9, p.100220, Article 100220
• Main Authors: Sánchez-Rodriguez, C.E., Tovar-Martinez, E., Reyes-Reyes, M., Chazaro-Ruiz, Luis F., López-Sandoval, R.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 2667-0569; 2667-0569
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100220

•Grams in hours of carbon spheres (CS) were synthesized by naphthalene combustion.•Functionalized-CSs (f-CS) were obtained using H2SO4-HNO3 acid mixtures.•Hollow CSs (HCS) with high specific surface area obtained after the chemical activation.•The annealed HCSs show specific capacitance up to 70 F g−1 at 5 mVs−1. Naphthalene combustion has been used to synthesize grams per hour of solid carbon spheres (CS). The carbon soot was activated by acid treatment consisting in a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (1/3 v/v) to produce hollow carbon spheres (HCS). The effect of two concentrations of CSs (5 and 10 mg mL−1) in the acid mixture, on the physicochemical properties of the activated HCSs was studied. The HSCs were subjected to a thermal treatment to increase their graphitization to enhance their electrical conductivity. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of HCSs due to the acid treatment whereas FTIR spectra showed that the chemical activation produced functional groups on the carbon spheres surface and the heat treatment effect to remove some of them as well. A specific surface area of 300 m2 g−1 and a large density of micropores for the acid-treated CSs as well as the heat-treated CSs were estimated by analysis of N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. A specific capacitance 70 F g−1 was calculated by cyclic voltammetry of the acid and thermally treated HCSs at 5 mV s−1, for both CS concentrations, indicating the possibility of synthesizing these HCSs using a simple method in large quantities for their use in electrochemical capacitors. [Display omitted]