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Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6–12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016–19
IntroductionIodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have remained an unresolved public health problem in India. In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content (
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| Published in: | Journal of family medicine and primary care 2023-09, Vol.12 (9), p.2090-2096 |
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| creator | Prasad, U Vastrad, Phaniraj Chaudhuri, Sirshendu Kirte, Rahul Peerapur, Basavraj Kumar, G Gururaj, N Patil, Kavitha Yuvaraj, B Mane, Vijaykumar Itagi, Vijayanath Kesari, Pallavi Chillargi, Chandrakanth Goud, T Sameena, M Dorle, A Patil, Shrinivas Mallapur, Ashoka Nair, Anish Roy, Subarna |
| description | IntroductionIodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have remained an unresolved public health problem in India. In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2021_22 |
| format | article |
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In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt at the household level and urine iodine excretion in this population.Material and MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, we recruited 16,827 children between 6 and 12 years of age through multistage sampling from six districts. Goitre was examined clinically for all children. Household-level salt iodine estimation and urinary iodine estimation were carried out among a subset of the participants.ResultsOverall prevalence of goitre was 17.1% (95% CI: 16.5, 17.7). Out of this, 76.7% (n = 2116) had Grade-1 goitre, and 23.7% (n = 656) had Grade-2 goitre. The prevalence of goitre was higher among females (17.9%, vs. male 16.4%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt was 48.5% (95%CI: 46.7, 50.3). The overall median iodine excretion in urine was 85 μg/L (IQR: 60-150 μg/L). In total, 37.2% (n = 601) had mild iodine deficiency, 5.2% (n = 84) had moderate deficiency, and 10.1% (n = 163) had severe deficiency. All parameters showed high inter- and intradistrict variations.ConclusionNorth Karnataka has a high goitre prevalence. Low use of iodized salt can be a major reason for the high prevalence of the condition. Ensuring the availability of iodized salt in this region and periodic surveillance to measure the impact of the programme should be the priority in this region.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2249-4863</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2278-7135</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2021_22</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</publisher><subject>Elementary school students ; goiter ; india ; iodine deficiency (idd) ; iodized salt ; Sparsely populated areas ; Surveys ; urinary iodine</subject><ispartof>Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2023-09, Vol.12 (9), p.2090-2096</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c340t-d1d461091cbaa356bfbcd16081349b4f73f9a299f5d31e19d21083b66dc799fa3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Prasad, U</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vastrad, Phaniraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhuri, Sirshendu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirte, Rahul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peerapur, Basavraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumar, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gururaj, N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patil, Kavitha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yuvaraj, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mane, Vijaykumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Itagi, Vijayanath</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kesari, Pallavi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chillargi, Chandrakanth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goud, T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sameena, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dorle, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patil, Shrinivas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mallapur, Ashoka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nair, Anish</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roy, Subarna</creatorcontrib><title>Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6–12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016–19</title><title>Journal of family medicine and primary care</title><description>IntroductionIodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have remained an unresolved public health problem in India. In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt at the household level and urine iodine excretion in this population.Material and MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, we recruited 16,827 children between 6 and 12 years of age through multistage sampling from six districts. Goitre was examined clinically for all children. Household-level salt iodine estimation and urinary iodine estimation were carried out among a subset of the participants.ResultsOverall prevalence of goitre was 17.1% (95% CI: 16.5, 17.7). Out of this, 76.7% (n = 2116) had Grade-1 goitre, and 23.7% (n = 656) had Grade-2 goitre. The prevalence of goitre was higher among females (17.9%, vs. male 16.4%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt was 48.5% (95%CI: 46.7, 50.3). The overall median iodine excretion in urine was 85 μg/L (IQR: 60-150 μg/L). In total, 37.2% (n = 601) had mild iodine deficiency, 5.2% (n = 84) had moderate deficiency, and 10.1% (n = 163) had severe deficiency. All parameters showed high inter- and intradistrict variations.ConclusionNorth Karnataka has a high goitre prevalence. Low use of iodized salt can be a major reason for the high prevalence of the condition. Ensuring the availability of iodized salt in this region and periodic surveillance to measure the impact of the programme should be the priority in this region.</description><subject>Elementary school students</subject><subject>goiter</subject><subject>india</subject><subject>iodine deficiency (idd)</subject><subject>iodized salt</subject><subject>Sparsely populated areas</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>urinary iodine</subject><issn>2249-4863</issn><issn>2278-7135</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNptUsuKFDEULUTBYZwvcBNwM8JUm1elEnfN4KNxUBe6Drfy6E5bnbRJ9UDv_AfX_pxfYqpbhAETyA0n5xy4uadpnhO84ASzV1u_25vF6dQUU6IpfdRcUNrLtiesezzfuWq5FOxpc1XKFtelSMXkRfPrc3b3MLpoHEoerVOYskMQLQrJhuiQdT6YUN-PCHYprlExm5RGZDZhtNlFdC1-__hJKDo6yOUlChHlQ4YRQXZQZs-PKU8b9AFyhAm-wQ1aRRvgNVoik1MpbXFmCilWSTnke3e8QRSTk6l61jzxMBZ39bdeNl_fvvly-769-_Rudbu8aw3jeGotsVyQ2pMZAFgnBj8YSwSWhHE1cN8zr4Aq5TvLiCPKUoIlG4Swpq8osMtmdfa1CbZ6n8MO8lEnCPoEpLzWkKdgRqdlbxzIwStOOZfEKGy86odBGSw9ZV31uj577XP6fnBl0rtQjBtHiC4diqZSdUIpRWfqizN1XSegQ_RpymBmul72QnLR9UpU1uI_rLqt2wWTYh1QxR8I2Flw-t_s_L-OCNZzZPQ5LA8iw_4AHHK3kw</recordid><startdate>20230901</startdate><enddate>20230901</enddate><creator>Prasad, U</creator><creator>Vastrad, Phaniraj</creator><creator>Chaudhuri, Sirshendu</creator><creator>Kirte, Rahul</creator><creator>Peerapur, Basavraj</creator><creator>Kumar, G</creator><creator>Gururaj, N</creator><creator>Patil, Kavitha</creator><creator>Yuvaraj, B</creator><creator>Mane, Vijaykumar</creator><creator>Itagi, Vijayanath</creator><creator>Kesari, Pallavi</creator><creator>Chillargi, Chandrakanth</creator><creator>Goud, T</creator><creator>Sameena, M</creator><creator>Dorle, A</creator><creator>Patil, Shrinivas</creator><creator>Mallapur, Ashoka</creator><creator>Nair, Anish</creator><creator>Roy, Subarna</creator><general>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</general><general>Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>DOA</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20230901</creationdate><title>Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6–12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016–19</title><author>Prasad, U ; Vastrad, Phaniraj ; Chaudhuri, Sirshendu ; Kirte, Rahul ; Peerapur, Basavraj ; Kumar, G ; Gururaj, N ; Patil, Kavitha ; Yuvaraj, B ; Mane, Vijaykumar ; Itagi, Vijayanath ; Kesari, Pallavi ; Chillargi, Chandrakanth ; Goud, T ; Sameena, M ; Dorle, A ; Patil, Shrinivas ; Mallapur, Ashoka ; Nair, Anish ; Roy, Subarna</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c340t-d1d461091cbaa356bfbcd16081349b4f73f9a299f5d31e19d21083b66dc799fa3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Elementary school students</topic><topic>goiter</topic><topic>india</topic><topic>iodine deficiency (idd)</topic><topic>iodized salt</topic><topic>Sparsely populated areas</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>urinary iodine</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Prasad, U</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vastrad, Phaniraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhuri, Sirshendu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kirte, Rahul</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peerapur, Basavraj</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kumar, G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gururaj, N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patil, Kavitha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yuvaraj, B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mane, Vijaykumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Itagi, Vijayanath</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kesari, Pallavi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chillargi, Chandrakanth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goud, T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sameena, M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dorle, A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patil, Shrinivas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mallapur, Ashoka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nair, Anish</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roy, Subarna</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Journal of family medicine and primary care</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Prasad, U</au><au>Vastrad, Phaniraj</au><au>Chaudhuri, Sirshendu</au><au>Kirte, Rahul</au><au>Peerapur, Basavraj</au><au>Kumar, G</au><au>Gururaj, N</au><au>Patil, Kavitha</au><au>Yuvaraj, B</au><au>Mane, Vijaykumar</au><au>Itagi, Vijayanath</au><au>Kesari, Pallavi</au><au>Chillargi, Chandrakanth</au><au>Goud, T</au><au>Sameena, M</au><au>Dorle, A</au><au>Patil, Shrinivas</au><au>Mallapur, Ashoka</au><au>Nair, Anish</au><au>Roy, Subarna</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6–12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016–19</atitle><jtitle>Journal of family medicine and primary care</jtitle><date>2023-09-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>2090</spage><epage>2096</epage><pages>2090-2096</pages><issn>2249-4863</issn><eissn>2278-7135</eissn><abstract>IntroductionIodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have remained an unresolved public health problem in India. In this survey, we have estimated the prevalence of IDD among 6-12 years of school children in rural areas of north Karnataka, India and estimated the prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt at the household level and urine iodine excretion in this population.Material and MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, we recruited 16,827 children between 6 and 12 years of age through multistage sampling from six districts. Goitre was examined clinically for all children. Household-level salt iodine estimation and urinary iodine estimation were carried out among a subset of the participants.ResultsOverall prevalence of goitre was 17.1% (95% CI: 16.5, 17.7). Out of this, 76.7% (n = 2116) had Grade-1 goitre, and 23.7% (n = 656) had Grade-2 goitre. The prevalence of goitre was higher among females (17.9%, vs. male 16.4%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of low iodine content (<15 ppm) in salt was 48.5% (95%CI: 46.7, 50.3). The overall median iodine excretion in urine was 85 μg/L (IQR: 60-150 μg/L). In total, 37.2% (n = 601) had mild iodine deficiency, 5.2% (n = 84) had moderate deficiency, and 10.1% (n = 163) had severe deficiency. All parameters showed high inter- and intradistrict variations.ConclusionNorth Karnataka has a high goitre prevalence. Low use of iodized salt can be a major reason for the high prevalence of the condition. Ensuring the availability of iodized salt in this region and periodic surveillance to measure the impact of the programme should be the priority in this region.</abstract><pub>Medknow Publications and Media Pvt. Ltd</pub><doi>10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2021_22</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Elementary school students goiter india iodine deficiency (idd) iodized salt Sparsely populated areas Surveys urinary iodine |
| title | Prevalence of goitre and iodine deficiency among school children (6–12 years) in rural areas of North Karnataka, India: A cross-sectional survey, 2016–19 |
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