Epidemiology of Hajj pilgrimage mortality: Analysis for potential intervention

• Published in: Journal of infection and public health 2024-04, Vol.17, p.49-61
• Main Authors: Gaddoury, Mahmoud A., Armenian, Haroutune K.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: All-cause mortality; Cardiovascular Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Chronic Disease; Chronic diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Hajj; Humans; Hypertension; Islam; Mass-gathering; Retrospective Studies; Saudi Arabia; Saudi Arabia - epidemiology; Travel
• ISSN: 1876-0341; 1876-035X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.05.021

The Saudi Vision 2030 predicts the attendance of 30 million pilgrims each year by 2030. Cost-effective healthcare services during the Hajj are important to manage this increase in the number of pilgrims. Little is known about the impact of the existing chronic diseases on morbidity and mortality during the Hajj. Furthermore, the quality of services provided by Hajj hospitals warrants further study. This study aims to describe patterns of inpatient, all-cause mortality during the Hajj and the relationship between mortality and preexisting chronic diseases as well as the services provided in Hajj hospitals. The population included pilgrims who were admitted to Hajj hospitals in Makkah and sacred sites between 2012 and 2017, excluding 2015. A retrospective, matched, case-control study design was utilized. 2237 cases of mortality were matched to 4474 control cases based on age and gender. The data were extracted from hospital admissions offices and medical records. Hierarchical, logistic regression models were used to examine the medical services. The effect measure modification of the copresence of more than one chronic disease was also examined. The rate of inpatient all-cause mortality was higher in Makkah hospitals compared to sacred site hospitals. Inpatient, all-cause mortality was significantly associated with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Effect measure modification was present between diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, but not between diabetes and hypertension. Patients who received medical services were more likely to die during their hospital stay compared to patients not receiving services. The current focus on public health issues during the Hajj should be equally distributed between communicable and non-communicable diseases. Although advanced services are provided by Hajj hospitals, interventions to address the increased risks, including mortality, faced by pilgrims with preexisting, chronic diseases should be further investigated and considered.