Refining the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

• Published in: Communications medicine 2023-12, Vol.3 (1), p.185-185, Article 185
• Main Authors: Francis, Ellen C., Powe, Camille E., Lowe, William L., White, Sara L., Scholtens, Denise M., Yang, Jiaxi, Zhu, Yeyi, Zhang, Cuilin, Hivert, Marie-France, Kwak, Soo Heon, Sweeting, Arianne
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 692/163/2743/137/1926; 692/308/53/2421; Biomarkers; Biometrics; Birth injuries; Clinical outcomes; Ethnicity; Genomics; Gestational diabetes; Glucose; Hypertension; Insulin resistance; Medical diagnosis; Medical treatment; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Meta-analysis; Metabolism; Metabolites; Obesity; Overweight; Perinatal care; Pregnancy; Sociocultural factors; Software; Systematic review; Women; Womens health
• ISSN: 2730-664X; 2730-664X
• DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00393-8

Background Perinatal outcomes vary for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The precise factors beyond glycemic status that may refine GDM diagnosis remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of potential precision markers for GDM. Methods Systematic literature searches were performed in PubMed and EMBASE from inception to March 2022 for studies comparing perinatal outcomes among women with GDM. We searched for precision markers in the following categories: maternal anthropometrics, clinical/sociocultural factors, non-glycemic biochemical markers, genetics/genomics or other -omics, and fetal biometry. We conducted post-hoc meta-analyses of a subset of studies with data on the association of maternal body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) with offspring macrosomia or large-for-gestational age (LGA). Results A total of 5905 titles/abstracts were screened, 775 full-texts reviewed, and 137 studies synthesized. Maternal anthropometrics were the most frequent risk marker. Meta-analysis demonstrated that women with GDM and overweight/obesity vs. GDM with normal range BMI are at higher risk of offspring macrosomia (13 studies [ n  = 28,763]; odds ratio [OR] 2.65; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.91, 3.68), and LGA (10 studies [ n  = 20,070]; OR 2.23; 95% CI 2.00, 2.49). Lipids and insulin resistance/secretion indices were the most studied non-glycemic biochemical markers, with increased triglycerides and insulin resistance generally associated with greater risk of offspring macrosomia or LGA. Studies evaluating other markers had inconsistent findings as to whether they could be used as precision markers. Conclusions Maternal overweight/obesity is associated with greater risk of offspring macrosomia or LGA in women with GDM. Pregnancy insulin resistance or hypertriglyceridemia may be useful in GDM risk stratification. Future studies examining non-glycemic biochemical, genetic, other -omic, or sociocultural precision markers among women with GDM are warranted. Plain language summary Gestational Diabetes (GDM) is high blood sugar that develops during pregnancy and may cause complications. GDM diagnosis is centered on blood sugar levels. Despite everyone receiving standard treatment, the clinical outcomes may vary from one individual to another. This indicates a need to identify factors that may help GDM diagnosis and result in improved classification of those at greatest risk for complications. Here, we systematically analyzed all published e