Acute rhabdomyolysis in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia patient undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: case report and literature review

• Published in: European journal of medical research 2022-03, Vol.27 (1), p.45-45, Article 45
• Main Authors: Li, Yuzhu, Hong, Yilei, Shen, Yingying, Liu, Qi, Chen, Ying, Shao, Keding, Shen, Yiping, Ye, Baodong, Wu, Dijiong
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anemia; Anemia, aplastic; Anemia, Aplastic - complications; Anemia, Aplastic - etiology; Anemia, Aplastic - physiopathology; Anemia, Aplastic - therapy; Antithymocyte globulin; Aplastic anemia; Asians; Blood tests; Body temperature; Bone marrow; Case Report; Chemotherapy; Creatine; Creatine kinase; Cytomegalovirus; Diagnosis; Disease prevention; Drinking (Physiology); Drug dosages; Graft versus host disease; Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; Hematopoietic stem cells; Hepatitis; Hepatitis - complications; Humans; Hydration; Kidney diseases; Kidneys; Male; Metabolism; Middle Aged; Mortality; Mutation; Myoglobin; Patients; Posaconazole; Rhabdomyolysis; Rhabdomyolysis - etiology; Rhabdomyolysis - physiopathology; Rhabdomyolysis - therapy; Stem Cell Transplantation - methods; Stem cells; Transplantation; Transplantation, Homologous - methods; Transplants & implants; Treatment Outcome; Urine
• ISSN: 2047-783X; 0949-2321; 2047-783X
• DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00675-2

Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) is a specific type of aplastic anemia, and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is recommended as the first-line. Acute rhabdomyolysis (AR) during hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is a rare, serious complication, with only 10 cases reported in the world so far. Herein, we present a case of AR developing during HLA-haploidentical HSCT in a 55-year-old man who suffered from HAAA. On day 7 after stem cell transfusion, the patient reported a muscle pull in thigh and complained of muscle swelling, pain and change in urine color. Despite the timely diagnosis (based on the levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase, and muscle MRI findings, etc.) and rapid hydration and alkalization, the situation progressed dramatically, and the patient died of multi-organ failure during the preparation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Five days after his death, the whole-exome sequencing result confirmed that the patient had a germline missense mutation in SCN4A I 1545 V and ACTN3 R577X. AR is a rare but threatening complication during HSCT, especially in cases with kidney dysfunction. The creatine kinase level may not truly and completely reflect the severity and prognosis for cases with localized lesion. We suggest that genetic analysis should be performed for better understanding the pathological changes of AR during HSCT, especially for patients with bone marrow failure.