Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Emergence of New Trends in Lifestyle and Nanomedicine as the Modern Tool for Pharmacotherapy

• Published in: Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Switzerland), 2020-12, Vol.10 (12), p.2460
• Main Authors: Jacob, Eden Mariam, Borah, Ankita, Pillai, Sindhu C, Kumar, D Sakthi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anti-inflammatory agents; Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cancer therapies; Carcinogens; Chemokines; Colon; Colorectal cancer; Crohn's disease; Crohn’s disease (CD); Digestive system; Drug delivery; Drug delivery systems; Drug therapy; Dysbacteriosis; E coli; Environmental factors; Environmental stress; Gastrointestinal system; Gastrointestinal tract; Gene loci; Genetic factors; gut microbiome; Homeostasis; Immune system; immunity; Immunosuppressive agents; Inflammation; Inflammatory bowel disease; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); Inflammatory bowel diseases; Intestinal microflora; Intestine; Kinases; Ligands; Medical diagnosis; Microbiomes; Microbiota; Microorganisms; Nanotechnology; nutrition; Pathogenesis; Pathogens; Proteins; Review; Salmonella; Side effects; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Ulcerative colitis; ulcerative colitis (UC); Young adults
• ISSN: 2079-4991; 2079-4991
• DOI: 10.3390/nano10122460

The human intestine, which harbors trillions of symbiotic microorganisms, may enter into dysbiosis when exposed to a genetic defect or environmental stress. The naissance of chronic inflammation due to the battle of the immune system with the trespassing gut bacteria leads to the rise of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Though the genes behind the scenes and their link to the disease are still unclear, the onset of IBD occurs in young adults and has expanded from the Western world into the newly industrialized countries. Conventional drug deliveries depend on a daily heavy dosage of immune suppressants or anti-inflammatory drugs targeted for the treatment of two types of IBD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), which are often associated with systemic side effects and adverse toxicities. Advances in oral delivery through nanotechnology seek remedies to overcome the drawbacks of these conventional drug delivery systems through improved drug encapsulation and targeted delivery. In this review, we discuss the association of genetic factors, the immune system, the gut microbiome, and environmental factors like diet in the pathogenesis of IBD. We also review the various physiological concerns required for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and new strategies in nanotechnology-derived, colon-targeting drug delivery systems.