Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure

Growth plate and articular cartilage constitute a single anatomical entity early in development but later separate into two distinct structures by the secondary ossification center (SOC). The reason for such separation remains unknown. We found that evolutionarily SOC appears in animals conquering t...

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Published in:eLife 2020-10, Vol.9
Main Authors: Xie, Meng, Gol'din, Pavel, Herdina, Anna Nele, Estefa, Jordi, Medvedeva, Ekaterina V, Li, Lei, Newton, Phillip T, Kotova, Svetlana, Shavkuta, Boris, Saxena, Aditya, Shumate, Lauren T, Metscher, Brian D, Großschmidt, Karl, Nishimori, Shigeki, Akovantseva, Anastasia, Usanova, Anna P, Kurenkova, Anastasiia D, Kumar, Anoop, Arregui, Irene Linares, Tafforeau, Paul, Fried, Kaj, Carlström, Mattias, Simon, András, Gasser, Christian, Kronenberg, Henry M, Bastepe, Murat, Cooper, Kimberly L, Timashev, Peter, Sanchez, Sophie, Adameyko, Igor, Eriksson, Anders, Chagin, Andrei S
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
bat
Biomechanical Phenomena
Cell Differentiation
Cell Proliferation
chondrocytes
Chondrocytes - metabolism
Developmental Biology
Evolutionary Biology
growth plate
Growth Plate - growth & development
Human health and pathology
jerboa
Life Sciences
Medicin och hälsovetenskap
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Osteogenesis
Rats
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
secondary ossification
Stress, Mechanical
whale
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Summary:Growth plate and articular cartilage constitute a single anatomical entity early in development but later separate into two distinct structures by the secondary ossification center (SOC). The reason for such separation remains unknown. We found that evolutionarily SOC appears in animals conquering the land - amniotes. Analysis of the ossification pattern in mammals with specialized extremities (whales, bats, jerboa) revealed that SOC development correlates with the extent of mechanical loads. Mathematical modeling revealed that SOC reduces mechanical stress within the growth plate. Functional experiments revealed the high vulnerability of hypertrophic chondrocytes to mechanical stress and showed that SOC protects these cells from apoptosis caused by extensive loading. Atomic force microscopy showed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the least mechanically stiff cells within the growth plate. Altogether, these findings suggest that SOC has evolved to protect the hypertrophic chondrocytes from the high mechanical stress encountered in the terrestrial environment.
ISSN:2050-084X
2050-084X
DOI:10.7554/elife.55212