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Seawater Intrusion Risk and Prevention Technology of Coastal and Large-Span Underground Oil Storage Cavern
The presence of a high concentration of Cl− in saltwater will erode the structure and facilities, reducing the stability and service life of the underground oil storage cavern. In order to reduce the risk of seawater intrusion, this paper studies the risk and prevention technology of seawater intrus...
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Published in: | Energies (Basel) 2023-01, Vol.16 (1), p.339 |
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creator | He, Shengquan Song, Dazhao Yang, Lianzhi Miao, Xiaomeng Liang, Jiuzheng He, Xueqiu Cao, Biao Zhao, Yingjie Chen, Tuo Zhong, Wei Zhong, Taoping |
description | The presence of a high concentration of Cl− in saltwater will erode the structure and facilities, reducing the stability and service life of the underground oil storage cavern. In order to reduce the risk of seawater intrusion, this paper studies the risk and prevention technology of seawater intrusion based on a case study of a coastal and large-span underground oil storage cavern. A refined three-dimensional hydrogeological model that comprehensively considers permeability coefficient partitions, faults, and fractured zones are constructed. The seepage fields and seawater intrusion risks of the reservoir site in its natural state, during construction, and during operation are examined, respectively. The study quantifies the water inflow and optimizes the seawater intrusion prevention technology. The results indicate that there is no risk of seawater incursion into the cavern under natural conditions. The water inflows after excavating the top, middle, and bottom sections of the main cavern are predicted to be 6797 m3/day, 6895 m3/day, and 6767 m3/day, respectively. During the excavation period, the water supply from the water curtain system is lower than the water inflow of the cavern, providing the maximum water curtain injection of 6039 m3/day. The water level in the reservoir area decreased obviously in the excavation period, but the water flow direction is from the cavern to the sea. Additionally, the concentration of Cl− in the cavern area is less than 7 mol/m3; hereby, there are no seawater intrusion risks. When only the horizontal water curtain system is deployed, seawater intrusion occurs after 18 years of cavern operation. The concentration of Cl− in the southeast of the cavern group exceeds 50 mol/m3 in 50 years, reaching moderate corrosion and serious seawater intrusion. In addition to the horizontal curtain above the cavern, a vertical water curtain system could be added on the southeast side, with a borehole spacing of 10 m and extending to 30 m below the cavern group. This scheme can effectively reduce seawater intrusion risk and extend the service life of the cavern. The findings of this research can be applied as guidelines for underground oil storage caverns in coastal areas to tackle seawater intrusion problems. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/en16010339 |
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In order to reduce the risk of seawater intrusion, this paper studies the risk and prevention technology of seawater intrusion based on a case study of a coastal and large-span underground oil storage cavern. A refined three-dimensional hydrogeological model that comprehensively considers permeability coefficient partitions, faults, and fractured zones are constructed. The seepage fields and seawater intrusion risks of the reservoir site in its natural state, during construction, and during operation are examined, respectively. The study quantifies the water inflow and optimizes the seawater intrusion prevention technology. The results indicate that there is no risk of seawater incursion into the cavern under natural conditions. The water inflows after excavating the top, middle, and bottom sections of the main cavern are predicted to be 6797 m3/day, 6895 m3/day, and 6767 m3/day, respectively. During the excavation period, the water supply from the water curtain system is lower than the water inflow of the cavern, providing the maximum water curtain injection of 6039 m3/day. The water level in the reservoir area decreased obviously in the excavation period, but the water flow direction is from the cavern to the sea. Additionally, the concentration of Cl− in the cavern area is less than 7 mol/m3; hereby, there are no seawater intrusion risks. When only the horizontal water curtain system is deployed, seawater intrusion occurs after 18 years of cavern operation. The concentration of Cl− in the southeast of the cavern group exceeds 50 mol/m3 in 50 years, reaching moderate corrosion and serious seawater intrusion. In addition to the horizontal curtain above the cavern, a vertical water curtain system could be added on the southeast side, with a borehole spacing of 10 m and extending to 30 m below the cavern group. This scheme can effectively reduce seawater intrusion risk and extend the service life of the cavern. The findings of this research can be applied as guidelines for underground oil storage caverns in coastal areas to tackle seawater intrusion problems.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1073</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1073</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/en16010339</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Boreholes ; cavern group ; Caverns ; Coastal aquifers ; Coastal zone ; Crude oil ; Environmental aspects ; Excavation ; Fault lines ; Geology ; Groundwater ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrology ; Intrusions (Geology) ; Oil ; Oil fields ; Oil reserves ; Permeability ; Permeability coefficient ; Petroleum mining ; Prevention ; Reservoirs ; Risk ; Risk reduction ; Saline water ; Saline water intrusion ; Salt water intrusion ; Saltwater encroachment ; Seawater ; Seepage ; seepage field ; Service life ; Simulation ; solute transport field ; Storage ; Technology ; Underground caverns ; Underground storage ; Underground structures ; water curtain system ; Water flow ; Water inflow ; Water levels ; Water supply</subject><ispartof>Energies (Basel), 2023-01, Vol.16 (1), p.339</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-4d4ad59efc21ed69560ce732a6f6a016be715687c6b62c96d820e5bcfd8d6ab3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0127-4620</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2761183206/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2761183206?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,25753,27924,27925,37012,44590,75126</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>He, Shengquan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Dazhao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Lianzhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miao, Xiaomeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Jiuzheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Xueqiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Biao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Yingjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Tuo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhong, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhong, Taoping</creatorcontrib><title>Seawater Intrusion Risk and Prevention Technology of Coastal and Large-Span Underground Oil Storage Cavern</title><title>Energies (Basel)</title><description>The presence of a high concentration of Cl− in saltwater will erode the structure and facilities, reducing the stability and service life of the underground oil storage cavern. In order to reduce the risk of seawater intrusion, this paper studies the risk and prevention technology of seawater intrusion based on a case study of a coastal and large-span underground oil storage cavern. A refined three-dimensional hydrogeological model that comprehensively considers permeability coefficient partitions, faults, and fractured zones are constructed. The seepage fields and seawater intrusion risks of the reservoir site in its natural state, during construction, and during operation are examined, respectively. The study quantifies the water inflow and optimizes the seawater intrusion prevention technology. The results indicate that there is no risk of seawater incursion into the cavern under natural conditions. The water inflows after excavating the top, middle, and bottom sections of the main cavern are predicted to be 6797 m3/day, 6895 m3/day, and 6767 m3/day, respectively. During the excavation period, the water supply from the water curtain system is lower than the water inflow of the cavern, providing the maximum water curtain injection of 6039 m3/day. The water level in the reservoir area decreased obviously in the excavation period, but the water flow direction is from the cavern to the sea. Additionally, the concentration of Cl− in the cavern area is less than 7 mol/m3; hereby, there are no seawater intrusion risks. When only the horizontal water curtain system is deployed, seawater intrusion occurs after 18 years of cavern operation. The concentration of Cl− in the southeast of the cavern group exceeds 50 mol/m3 in 50 years, reaching moderate corrosion and serious seawater intrusion. In addition to the horizontal curtain above the cavern, a vertical water curtain system could be added on the southeast side, with a borehole spacing of 10 m and extending to 30 m below the cavern group. This scheme can effectively reduce seawater intrusion risk and extend the service life of the cavern. The findings of this research can be applied as guidelines for underground oil storage caverns in coastal areas to tackle seawater intrusion problems.</description><subject>Boreholes</subject><subject>cavern group</subject><subject>Caverns</subject><subject>Coastal aquifers</subject><subject>Coastal zone</subject><subject>Crude oil</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Excavation</subject><subject>Fault lines</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Groundwater</subject><subject>Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Hydrology</subject><subject>Intrusions (Geology)</subject><subject>Oil</subject><subject>Oil fields</subject><subject>Oil reserves</subject><subject>Permeability</subject><subject>Permeability coefficient</subject><subject>Petroleum mining</subject><subject>Prevention</subject><subject>Reservoirs</subject><subject>Risk</subject><subject>Risk reduction</subject><subject>Saline water</subject><subject>Saline water intrusion</subject><subject>Salt water intrusion</subject><subject>Saltwater encroachment</subject><subject>Seawater</subject><subject>Seepage</subject><subject>seepage field</subject><subject>Service life</subject><subject>Simulation</subject><subject>solute transport field</subject><subject>Storage</subject><subject>Technology</subject><subject>Underground caverns</subject><subject>Underground storage</subject><subject>Underground structures</subject><subject>water curtain system</subject><subject>Water flow</subject><subject>Water inflow</subject><subject>Water levels</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><issn>1996-1073</issn><issn>1996-1073</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNpNkVFLHDEQxxepUFFf-gkCvhXWJpvdbPIoR20PDhTvfA6zyeyac02uSU7x2zd6pTrzMMOf__yYYarqG6OXnCv6Az0TlNHSH1UnTClRM9rzL5_6r9V5SltagnPGOT-ptmuEF8gYydLnuE8ueHLn0iMBb8ltxGf0-U3boHnwYQ7TKwkjWQRIGeZ30wrihPV6B57ce4tximFf5Bs3k3UOESYkC3jG6M-q4xHmhOf_6mm1uf65WfyuVze_lourVW14p3Ld2hZsp3A0DUMrVCeowZ43IEYBlIkBe9YJ2RsxiMYoYWVDsRvMaKUVMPDTannA2gBbvYvuCeKrDuD0uxDipCFmZ2bUSsgCNKrtJGubVg4MUaICKuzQyl4V1sWBtYvhzx5T1tuwj75sr5teMCZ5Q0VxXR5cExSo82PIEUxJi0_OBI-jK_pV35ZTGt6yMvD9MGBiSCni-H9NRvXbK_XHK_lfVSWPyg</recordid><startdate>20230101</startdate><enddate>20230101</enddate><creator>He, Shengquan</creator><creator>Song, Dazhao</creator><creator>Yang, Lianzhi</creator><creator>Miao, Xiaomeng</creator><creator>Liang, Jiuzheng</creator><creator>He, Xueqiu</creator><creator>Cao, Biao</creator><creator>Zhao, Yingjie</creator><creator>Chen, Tuo</creator><creator>Zhong, Wei</creator><creator>Zhong, Taoping</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-4620</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230101</creationdate><title>Seawater Intrusion Risk and Prevention Technology of Coastal and Large-Span Underground Oil Storage Cavern</title><author>He, Shengquan ; Song, Dazhao ; Yang, Lianzhi ; Miao, Xiaomeng ; Liang, Jiuzheng ; He, Xueqiu ; Cao, Biao ; Zhao, Yingjie ; Chen, Tuo ; Zhong, Wei ; Zhong, Taoping</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-4d4ad59efc21ed69560ce732a6f6a016be715687c6b62c96d820e5bcfd8d6ab3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Boreholes</topic><topic>cavern group</topic><topic>Caverns</topic><topic>Coastal aquifers</topic><topic>Coastal zone</topic><topic>Crude oil</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Excavation</topic><topic>Fault lines</topic><topic>Geology</topic><topic>Groundwater</topic><topic>Hydrogeology</topic><topic>Hydrology</topic><topic>Intrusions (Geology)</topic><topic>Oil</topic><topic>Oil fields</topic><topic>Oil reserves</topic><topic>Permeability</topic><topic>Permeability coefficient</topic><topic>Petroleum mining</topic><topic>Prevention</topic><topic>Reservoirs</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Risk reduction</topic><topic>Saline water</topic><topic>Saline water intrusion</topic><topic>Salt water intrusion</topic><topic>Saltwater encroachment</topic><topic>Seawater</topic><topic>Seepage</topic><topic>seepage field</topic><topic>Service life</topic><topic>Simulation</topic><topic>solute transport field</topic><topic>Storage</topic><topic>Technology</topic><topic>Underground caverns</topic><topic>Underground storage</topic><topic>Underground structures</topic><topic>water curtain system</topic><topic>Water flow</topic><topic>Water inflow</topic><topic>Water levels</topic><topic>Water supply</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>He, Shengquan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Dazhao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Lianzhi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miao, Xiaomeng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Jiuzheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>He, Xueqiu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Biao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Yingjie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Tuo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhong, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhong, Taoping</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</collection><jtitle>Energies (Basel)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>He, Shengquan</au><au>Song, Dazhao</au><au>Yang, Lianzhi</au><au>Miao, Xiaomeng</au><au>Liang, Jiuzheng</au><au>He, Xueqiu</au><au>Cao, Biao</au><au>Zhao, Yingjie</au><au>Chen, Tuo</au><au>Zhong, Wei</au><au>Zhong, Taoping</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Seawater Intrusion Risk and Prevention Technology of Coastal and Large-Span Underground Oil Storage Cavern</atitle><jtitle>Energies (Basel)</jtitle><date>2023-01-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>339</spage><pages>339-</pages><issn>1996-1073</issn><eissn>1996-1073</eissn><abstract>The presence of a high concentration of Cl− in saltwater will erode the structure and facilities, reducing the stability and service life of the underground oil storage cavern. In order to reduce the risk of seawater intrusion, this paper studies the risk and prevention technology of seawater intrusion based on a case study of a coastal and large-span underground oil storage cavern. A refined three-dimensional hydrogeological model that comprehensively considers permeability coefficient partitions, faults, and fractured zones are constructed. The seepage fields and seawater intrusion risks of the reservoir site in its natural state, during construction, and during operation are examined, respectively. The study quantifies the water inflow and optimizes the seawater intrusion prevention technology. The results indicate that there is no risk of seawater incursion into the cavern under natural conditions. The water inflows after excavating the top, middle, and bottom sections of the main cavern are predicted to be 6797 m3/day, 6895 m3/day, and 6767 m3/day, respectively. During the excavation period, the water supply from the water curtain system is lower than the water inflow of the cavern, providing the maximum water curtain injection of 6039 m3/day. The water level in the reservoir area decreased obviously in the excavation period, but the water flow direction is from the cavern to the sea. Additionally, the concentration of Cl− in the cavern area is less than 7 mol/m3; hereby, there are no seawater intrusion risks. When only the horizontal water curtain system is deployed, seawater intrusion occurs after 18 years of cavern operation. The concentration of Cl− in the southeast of the cavern group exceeds 50 mol/m3 in 50 years, reaching moderate corrosion and serious seawater intrusion. In addition to the horizontal curtain above the cavern, a vertical water curtain system could be added on the southeast side, with a borehole spacing of 10 m and extending to 30 m below the cavern group. This scheme can effectively reduce seawater intrusion risk and extend the service life of the cavern. The findings of this research can be applied as guidelines for underground oil storage caverns in coastal areas to tackle seawater intrusion problems.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/en16010339</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-4620</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Boreholes cavern group Caverns Coastal aquifers Coastal zone Crude oil Environmental aspects Excavation Fault lines Geology Groundwater Hydrogeology Hydrology Intrusions (Geology) Oil Oil fields Oil reserves Permeability Permeability coefficient Petroleum mining Prevention Reservoirs Risk Risk reduction Saline water Saline water intrusion Salt water intrusion Saltwater encroachment Seawater Seepage seepage field Service life Simulation solute transport field Storage Technology Underground caverns Underground storage Underground structures water curtain system Water flow Water inflow Water levels Water supply |
title | Seawater Intrusion Risk and Prevention Technology of Coastal and Large-Span Underground Oil Storage Cavern |
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