Gene-Expression Analysis of Human Fibroblasts Affected by 3D-Printed Carboxylated Nanocellulose Constructs

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a highly valuable tool to manufacture porous constructs. This has major advantages in, for example, tissue engineering, in which 3D scaffolds provide a microenvironment with adequate porosity for cell growth and migration as a simulation of tissue regen...

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Published in:Bioengineering (Basel) 2023-01, Vol.10 (1), p.121
Main Authors: Rosendahl, Jennifer, Zarna, Chiara, Håkansson, Joakim, Chinga-Carrasco, Gary
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
3D-printing
Bioengineering
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Carboxylation
Cell adhesion & migration
Cell migration
Cellulose
characterization
Engineering
expression
Fibroblasts
Gels
gene
Gene expression
Genes
Hydrogels
Mechanical properties
Microbiology in the medical area
Microenvironments
Microscopy
Mikrobiologi inom det medicinska området
nanocellulose
Nanoindentation
Oxidation
Porosity
Regeneration (physiology)
Scaffolds
Sodium hypochlorite
Three dimensional printing
Tissue engineering
Viscosity
wound dressings
Wound healing
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Summary:Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a highly valuable tool to manufacture porous constructs. This has major advantages in, for example, tissue engineering, in which 3D scaffolds provide a microenvironment with adequate porosity for cell growth and migration as a simulation of tissue regeneration. In this study, we assessed the suitability of three cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) that were obtained through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. The CNFs were obtained by applying three levels of carboxylation, i.e., 2.5, 3.8, and 6.0 mmol sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) per gram of cellulose. The CNFs exhibited different nanofibrillation levels, affecting the corresponding viscosity and 3D printability of the CNF gels (0.6 wt%). The scaffolds were manufactured by micro-extrusion and the nanomechanical properties were assessed with nanoindentation. Importantly, fibroblasts were grown on the scaffolds and the expression levels of the marker genes, which are relevant for wound healing and proliferation, were assessed in order to reveal the effect of the 3D-scaffold microenvironment of the cells.
ISSN:2306-5354
2306-5354
DOI:10.3390/bioengineering10010121