Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines

In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Toxins 2021-10, Vol.13 (11), p.761
Main Authors: Rodríguez-Cabo, Tamara, Moroño, Ángeles, Arévalo, Fabiola, Correa, Jorge, Lamas, Juan Pablo, Rossignoli, Araceli E, Blanco, Juan
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
13-desmethyl spirolide C
Alexandrium
Animals
Basque Country
Bioassays
Bivalvia - chemistry
Cantabria
Chromatography
Dinoflagellida - physiology
gymnodimine A
Imines
Imines - analysis
Marine Toxins - analysis
Mass spectrometry
Mollusks
Monitoring systems
Mussels
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Poisoning
Scientific imaging
Shellfish
Shellfish Poisoning - parasitology
Spain
Toxicity
Toxins
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Summary:In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC-MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg for the LC-MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r = 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of species cannot be ruled out.
ISSN:2072-6651
2072-6651
DOI:10.3390/toxins13110761