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Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines
In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were a...
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| Published in: | Toxins 2021-10, Vol.13 (11), p.761 |
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| creator | Rodríguez-Cabo, Tamara Moroño, Ángeles Arévalo, Fabiola Correa, Jorge Lamas, Juan Pablo Rossignoli, Araceli E Blanco, Juan |
| description | In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC-MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the LC-MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r
= 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus
was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that
could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of
species cannot be ruled out. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/toxins13110761 |
| format | article |
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for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the LC-MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r
= 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus
was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that
could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of
species cannot be ruled out.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6651</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6651</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110761</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34822545</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>13-desmethyl spirolide C ; Alexandrium ; Animals ; Basque Country ; Bioassays ; Bivalvia - chemistry ; Cantabria ; Chromatography ; Dinoflagellida - physiology ; gymnodimine A ; Imines ; Imines - analysis ; Marine Toxins - analysis ; Mass spectrometry ; Mollusks ; Monitoring systems ; Mussels ; Paralytic shellfish poisoning ; Poisoning ; Scientific imaging ; Shellfish ; Shellfish Poisoning - parasitology ; Spain ; Toxicity ; Toxins</subject><ispartof>Toxins, 2021-10, Vol.13 (11), p.761</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c484t-a9e8abc8c57b5885e6bcb8c3b2be473d466f0f47a9ad91281fc2783b6f0a128b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c484t-a9e8abc8c57b5885e6bcb8c3b2be473d466f0f47a9ad91281fc2783b6f0a128b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2123-7747 ; 0000-0002-6104-4037 ; 0000-0002-6052-9067</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2602237475/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2602237475?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,25732,27903,27904,36991,36992,44569,53769,53771,74872</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34822545$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rodríguez-Cabo, Tamara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moroño, Ángeles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arévalo, Fabiola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Correa, Jorge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamas, Juan Pablo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rossignoli, Araceli E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanco, Juan</creatorcontrib><title>Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines</title><title>Toxins</title><addtitle>Toxins (Basel)</addtitle><description>In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC-MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the LC-MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r
= 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus
was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that
could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of
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chemistry</topic><topic>Cantabria</topic><topic>Chromatography</topic><topic>Dinoflagellida - physiology</topic><topic>gymnodimine A</topic><topic>Imines</topic><topic>Imines - analysis</topic><topic>Marine Toxins - analysis</topic><topic>Mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Mollusks</topic><topic>Monitoring systems</topic><topic>Mussels</topic><topic>Paralytic shellfish poisoning</topic><topic>Poisoning</topic><topic>Scientific imaging</topic><topic>Shellfish</topic><topic>Shellfish Poisoning - parasitology</topic><topic>Spain</topic><topic>Toxicity</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rodríguez-Cabo, Tamara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moroño, Ángeles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arévalo, Fabiola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Correa, Jorge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamas, Juan Pablo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rossignoli, Araceli E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blanco, Juan</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Databases</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biological Sciences</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>PML(ProQuest Medical Library)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content (ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Toxins</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rodríguez-Cabo, Tamara</au><au>Moroño, Ángeles</au><au>Arévalo, Fabiola</au><au>Correa, Jorge</au><au>Lamas, Juan Pablo</au><au>Rossignoli, Araceli E</au><au>Blanco, Juan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines</atitle><jtitle>Toxins</jtitle><addtitle>Toxins (Basel)</addtitle><date>2021-10-27</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>761</spage><pages>761-</pages><issn>2072-6651</issn><eissn>2072-6651</eissn><abstract>In the late autumn of 2018 and 2019, some samples taken by the official monitoring systems of Cantabria and the Basque Country were found to be paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)-positive using a mouse bioassay. To confirm the presence of PSP toxins and to obtain their profile, these samples were analyzed using an optimized version of the Official Method AOAC 2005.06 and using LC-MS/MS (HILIC). The presence of some PSP toxins (PSTs) in that geographical area (~600 km of coast) was confirmed for the first time. The estimated toxicities ranged from 170 to 983 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the AOAC 2005.06 method and from 150 to 1094 µg STXdiHCl eq.·kg
for the LC-MS/MS method, with a good correlation between both methods (r
= 0.94). Most samples contained STX, GTX2,3, and GTX1,4, and some also had NEO and dcGTX2. All of the PSP-positive samples also contained gymnodimine A, with the concentrations of the two groups of toxins being significantly correlated. The PSP toxin profiles suggest that a species of the genus
was likely the causative agent. The presence of gymnodimine A suggests that
could be involved, but the contribution of a mixture of
species cannot be ruled out.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>34822545</pmid><doi>10.3390/toxins13110761</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2123-7747</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-4037</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6052-9067</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Toxins, 2021-10, Vol.13 (11), p.761 |
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| subjects | 13-desmethyl spirolide C Alexandrium Animals Basque Country Bioassays Bivalvia - chemistry Cantabria Chromatography Dinoflagellida - physiology gymnodimine A Imines Imines - analysis Marine Toxins - analysis Mass spectrometry Mollusks Monitoring systems Mussels Paralytic shellfish poisoning Poisoning Scientific imaging Shellfish Shellfish Poisoning - parasitology Spain Toxicity Toxins |
| title | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) in Mussels from the Eastern Cantabrian Sea: Toxicity, Toxin Profile, and Co-Occurrence with Cyclic Imines |
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