HIV/Mtb Co-Infection: From the Amplification of Disease Pathogenesis to an "Emerging Syndemic"

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and (Mtb) are pathogens responsible for millions of new infections each year; together, they cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, late-stage HIV infection increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) by a factor of 20 in latently infecte...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Microorganisms (Basel) 2023-03, Vol.11 (4), p.853
Main Authors: Azevedo-Pereira, José Miguel, Pires, David, Calado, Marta, Mandal, Manoj, Santos-Costa, Quirina, Anes, Elsa
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIDS
Amplification
Antigens
Antiretroviral agents
Antiretroviral therapy
Chemokines
Chromosomes
co-infection
Cofactors
Comorbidity
Complications and side effects
Development and progression
Disease control
Drug therapy
granuloma
Granulomas
HIV
HIV infection
Human immunodeficiency virus
Immune system
immunodeficiency
Infections
Latent infection
Lymphocytes
Morbidity
Mortality
Pathogenesis
Pathogens
Public health
Review
Senescence
Tuberculosis
Viral infections
Viruses
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Summary:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and (Mtb) are pathogens responsible for millions of new infections each year; together, they cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, late-stage HIV infection increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) by a factor of 20 in latently infected people, and even patients with controlled HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a fourfold increased risk of developing TB. Conversely, Mtb infection exacerbates HIV pathogenesis and increases the rate of AIDS progression. In this review, we discuss this reciprocal amplification of HIV/Mtb coinfection and how they influence each other's pathogenesis. Elucidating the infectious cofactors that impact on pathogenesis may open doors for the design of new potential therapeutic strategies to control disease progression, especially in contexts where vaccines or the sterile clearance of pathogens are not effectively available.
ISSN:2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI:10.3390/microorganisms11040853