Mechanisms of Action of Non-Canonical ECF Sigma Factors

Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are subunits of the RNA polymerase specialized in activating the transcription of a subset of genes responding to a specific environmental condition. The signal-transduction pathways where they participate can be activated by diverse mechanisms. The most...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2022-03, Vol.23 (7), p.3601
Main Authors: Marcos-Torres, Francisco Javier, Moraleda-Muñoz, Aurelio, Contreras-Moreno, Francisco Javier, Muñoz-Dorado, José, Pérez, Juana
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bacterial Proteins - genetics
Bacterial Proteins - metabolism
Binding sites
DNA-directed RNA polymerase
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases - genetics
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases - metabolism
ECF sigma factor
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Kinases
Oxidative stress
Phosphorylation
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Proteins
Regulation
Review
RNA polymerase
Sensors
Sigma factor
Sigma Factor - genetics
Sigma Factor - metabolism
Signal transduction
stress response
Transcription
transcriptional regulation
Tuberculosis
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Summary:Extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factors are subunits of the RNA polymerase specialized in activating the transcription of a subset of genes responding to a specific environmental condition. The signal-transduction pathways where they participate can be activated by diverse mechanisms. The most common mechanism involves the action of a membrane-bound anti-sigma factor, which sequesters the ECF sigma factor, and releases it after the stimulus is sensed. However, despite most of these systems following this canonical regulation, there are many ECF sigma factors exhibiting a non-canonical regulatory mechanism. In this review, we aim to provide an updated and comprehensive view of the different activation mechanisms known for non-canonical ECF sigma factors, detailing their inclusion to the different phylogenetic groups and describing the mechanisms of regulation of some of their representative members such as EcfG from , showing a partner-switch mechanism; EcfP from , with a phosphorylation-dependent mechanism; or CorE from , regulated by a metal-sensing C-terminal extension.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms23073601