Brain Redox Imaging Using In Vivo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging and Nitroxide Imaging Probes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism. Under normal physiological conditions, oxidative damage is prevented by the regulation of ROS by the antioxidant network. However, increased ROS and decreased antioxidant defense may contribute...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Magnetochemistry 2019-02, Vol.5 (1), p.11
Main Authors: Fujii, Hirotada G., Emoto, Miho C., Sato-Akaba, Hideo
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Alzheimer's disease
antioxidant
Antioxidants
Brain
brain disease
Chemical reactions
Continuous radiation
Damage prevention
Electron paramagnetic resonance
EPR imaging
Field programmable gate arrays
Free radicals
In vivo methods and tests
Magnetic fields
Medical imaging
MRI
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
oxidative stress
Parkinson's disease
Physiology
redox status
ROS
Signal to noise ratio
Spectrum analysis
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Summary:Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living organisms as a result of normal cellular metabolism. Under normal physiological conditions, oxidative damage is prevented by the regulation of ROS by the antioxidant network. However, increased ROS and decreased antioxidant defense may contribute to many brain disorders, such as stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Noninvasive assessment of brain redox status is necessary for monitoring the disease state and the oxidative damage. Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW-EPR) imaging using redox-sensitive imaging probes, such as nitroxides, is a powerful method for visualizing the redox status modulated by oxidative stress in vivo. For conventional CW-EPR imaging, however, poor signal-to-noise ratio, low acquisition efficiency, and lack of anatomic visualization limit its ability to achieve three-dimensional redox mapping of small rodent brains. In this review, we discuss the instrumentation and coregistration of EPR images to anatomical images and appropriate nitroxide imaging probes, all of which are needed for a sophisticated in vivo EPR imager for all rodents. Using new EPR imaging systems, site-specific distribution and kinetics of nitroxide imaging probes in rodent brains can be obtained more accurately, compared to previous EPR imaging systems. We also describe the redox imaging studies of animal models of brain disease using newly developed EPR imaging.
ISSN:2312-7481
2312-7481
DOI:10.3390/magnetochemistry5010011