D-dopachrome tautomerase activates COX2/PGE2 pathway of astrocytes to mediate inflammation following spinal cord injury

• Published in: Journal of neuroinflammation 2021-06, Vol.18 (1), p.1-130, Article 130
• Main Authors: Ji, Huiyuan, Zhang, Yuxin, Chen, Chen, Li, Hui, He, Bingqiang, Yang, Ting, Sun, Chunshuai, Hao, Huifei, Zhang, Xingyuan, Wang, Yingjie, Zhou, Yue, Zhu, Zhenjie, Hu, Yuming, Li, Aihong, Guo, Aisong, Wang, Yongjun
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; Astrocyte; Astrocytes; Cellular signal transduction; Central nervous system; Chemokines; Complications and side effects; Contusions; Cyclooxygenase-2; Cyclooxygenases; Cytokines; D-DT; Development and progression; Dinoprostone; Dopachrome isomerase; Glial cells; Health aspects; Immunohistochemistry; Inflammation; Kinases; Leukocyte migration; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor; Microglia; MIF; Neuropathology; PGE2; Prostaglandin E2; Proteinase; Proteins; Spinal cord; Spinal cord injuries
• ISSN: 1742-2094; 1742-2094
• DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02186-z

Background Astrocytes are the predominant glial cell type in the central nervous system (CNS) that can secrete various cytokines and chemokines mediating neuropathology in response to danger signals. D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT), a newly described cytokine and a close homolog of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) protein, has been revealed to share an overlapping function with MIF in some ways. However, its cellular distribution pattern and mediated astrocyte neuropathological function in the CNS remain unclear. Methods A contusion model of the rat spinal cord was established. The protein levels of D-DT and PGE.sub.2 synthesis-related proteinase were assayed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Primary astrocytes were stimulated by different concentrations of D-DT in the presence or absence of various inhibitors to examine relevant signal pathways. The post-injury locomotor functions were assessed using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor scale. Results D-DT was inducibly expressed within astrocytes and neurons, rather than in microglia following spinal cord contusion. D-DT was able to activate the COX2/PGE.sub.2 signal pathway of astrocytes through CD74 receptor, and the intracellular activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was involved in the regulation of D-DT action. The selective inhibitor of D-DT was efficient in attenuating D-DT-induced astrocyte production of PGE.sub.2 following spinal cord injury, which contributed to the improvement of locomotor functions. Conclusion Collectively, these data reveal a novel inflammatory activator of astrocytes following spinal cord injury, which might be beneficial for the development of anti-inflammation drug in neuropathological CNS. Keywords: D-DT, MIF, Spinal cord, Astrocyte, Inflammation, PGE.sub.2, Injury, Central nervous system, COX2, CD74